Table 1.

Descriptions of different inflammatory markers used for the study or diagnosis of AD

Marker	Species in which it exists related with AD studies	Potential use in clinical diagnosis	Function in inflammation	References
TLR2	Human, mouse, rat	- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - Acute coronary syndrome	Receptor which interacts with Aβ	[52, 194–199]
MHCII	Human, mouse, rat	- Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) - Systemic lupus erythematosus - Ovarian cancer	Antigen presenter	[200–205]
Iba-1	Human, mouse, rat	- Traumatic brain injury - Frontotemporal lobar degeneration - Epilepsy - Postoperative cognitive decline	Intracellular protein of microglia, related to support the phagocytosis process	[206–212]
GFAP	Human, mouse, rat	- GFAP autoimmunity - Traumatic brain injury - Alexander disease - Multiple sclerosis	Mediates astroglia cell activation	[213–220]
TNF-α	Human, mouse, rat	- Psoriasis - Rheumatoid arthritis - Alzheimer’s disease - Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	[24, 128, 131, 137, 221–225]
IL-1	Human, mouse, rat	- Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis - Gout - Familial Mediterranean fever -Muckle-Wells syndrome - Acute myocardial infarction - Heart failure - Type 2 diabetes	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	[24, 225–230]
NF- κB	Human, mouse, rat	- Preeclampsia - Degenerative Disc Disease - Colorectal cancer - Non-medullary thyroid cancer	Transcription factor that activates genes related to inflammation	[133, 231–237]