Table 2.
Synthetic materials used for preparing 3D scaffolds.
| Synthetic Materials | SPR | Merits | Demerits | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Polycaprolactone
|
Presence of aliphatic ester chains. | It can block angiogenesis. High tensile strength. Plasticity. Biocompatible. Highly stable. |
Low degradation profile. Hydrophobic. |
[61] |
Polylactic acid 
|
It contains -COOH as a functional group. | Excellent elastic properties. High mechanical properties. Thermally stable. Non-toxic. Hemocompatibility. |
Hydrophobic. Non-degradable. |
[62,63] |
Polylactic-co-glycolic acid 
|
It is a block polymer of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid. | High cellular interaction and migration. High mechanical properties. Tissue regeneration properties. Wound-healing properties. Enhance anticancer activities with doxorubicin. |
Fragile structure. Poor tensile strength. |
[64] |
Polyglycolic acid 
|
Linear polyester. | Hydrophilic. Can form nanoparticles. Thermal stability. Excellent tensile modulus. |
Hydrolysis-based degradation. | [65] |
Polypropylene fumarate
|
It consists of fumaric acid. |
High mechanical strength. It can arrest the cell cycle in an abnormally grown cell lines. Biostable. |
Viscous liquid. | [66] |
Polyethylene glycol
|
Derived from ethylene oxide | Highly elastic. Hydrophilic. Non-inflammatory. Mucoadhesive. Highly porous. Excellent polymers for targeted drug delivery system. |
Poor cell interaction properties. | [67] |
Polyurethane
|
It consists of urethane groups. | High mechanical properties. Non-allergic. Thermally conductive. Heat resistance. |
High hemolytic ratio. Less stable in biological environment. |
[68] |
Polyvinyl alcohol
|
Polyhydroxy backbone. | It can mimic articular cartilages. Non-immunogenic. Hydrophilic. Hemocompatible. |
Poor cell adhesion properties | [69] |
Polypropylene Carbonate 
|
Block polymer of carbon dioxide and CH3CHCH2O. | High biodegradability. No inflammation. Structural stability. Non-toxic. |
Rigid and fragile structure. Poor cell attachment. |
[70] |
Polyhydroxy butyrate
|
Beta-hydroxy acid. High crystallin structure. |
Controlled release properties. Time-dependent degradation. Excellent candidate for drug delivery systems. |
Highly rigid. Heat-induced instability. |
[66] |