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. 2022 Dec 19;23(24):16199. doi: 10.3390/ijms232416199

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Causal relationship between cognitive traits and GERD based on the IVW MR model. GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease, Age of FTE: age completed full-time education, FI-CA[F18]: fluid intelligence-chained arithmetic, FI-CondA[F16]: fluid intelligence-conditional arithmetic, FI-FRC[F15]: fluid intelligence-family relationship calculation, FI-WI[F13]: fluid intelligence-word interpolation, Cogn-Perf: cognitive performance, EducAttain: educational attainment, * instrumental variables selected at p_snp < 1 × 10⁻⁵, ivw: inverse variance weighted, MR: Mendelian randomisation.