Table 3.
Cytokine levels in the serum of patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals depending on sex.
| Parameter | Females | Males | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with Schizophrenia | Healthy Individuals | p-Value | Patients with Schizophrenia | Healthy Individuals | p-Value | |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | ||||||
| IL-1α | 81.16 (54.66; 106.80) | 59.21 (50.20; 94.87) | 0.102 | 63.68 (52.36; 105.10) | 64.84 (57.60; 111.89) | 0.193 |
| IL-1β | 3.68 (2.39; 4.57) | 2.71 (1.58; 4.22) | 0.038 * | 3.10 (2.33; 4.48) | 2.85 (2.41; 4.85) | 0.913 |
| IL-2 | 6.21 (4.91; 7.12) | 5.90 (4.82; 7.95) | 0.907 | 5.63 (4.53; 7.35) | 6.03 (4.85; 8.36) | 0.230 |
| IL-3 | 2.17 (1.23; 3.32) | 3.20 (1.74; 3.69) | 0.046 * | 2.81 (1.32; 3.34) | 2.91 (1.32; 3.70) | 0.886 |
| IL-5 | 3.79 (2.07; 4.53) | 2.05 (1.27; 4.18) | 0.006 * | 3.08 (1.89; 4.27) | 2.03 (1.38; 3.72) | 0.048 * |
| IL-6 | 10.87 (6.23; 15.78) | 6.55 (4.45; 14.93) | 0.025 * | 8.26 (4.99; 15.18) | 6.31 (4.74; 13.58) | 0.590 |
| IL-7 | 15.84 (10.66; 29.91) | 12.00 (9.69 (27.55) | 0.245 | 11.35 (9.39; 28.35) | 16.34 (10.64 (31.42) | 0.070 |
| IL-8 | 12.92 (9.44; 21.21) | 8.88 (6.34; 18.53) | 0.004 * | 12.31 (8.99; 19.31) | 11.48 (8.24; 18.48) | 0.313 |
| IL-9 | 7.77 (3.52; 13.16) | 4.23 (2.54; 14.45) | 0.328 | 4.61 (3.04; 12.30) | 4.43 (2.81; 14.45) | 0.717 |
| IL-12p40 | 45.73 (38.90; 52.70) | 42.10 (28.55; 49.27) | 0.047 * | 45.83 (38.90; 53.29) | 46.29 (37.23; 57.83) | 0.786 |
| IL-12p70 | 15.68 (6.88; 24.63) | 7.99 (6.15; 20.93) | 0.099 | 8.42 (6.71; 23.71) | 8.70 (7.12; 22.79) | 0.645 |
| IL-15 | 9.34 (6.26; 12.01) | 6.44 (3.72; 10.24) | 0.001 * | 8.75 (6.26; 11.27) | 8.07 (6.12; 12.30) | 0.820 |
| IL-17A | 10.72 (4.29; 14.85) | 4.61 (3.25; 15.96) | 0.037 * | 5.86 (4.39; 14.66) | 7.73 (4.61; 12.98) | 0.712 |
| IFN-α2 | 43.38 (18.59; 90.62) | 26.67 (15.99; 82.42) | 0.140 | 28.89 (16.01; 86.21) | 36.33 (23.90; 93.53) | 0.084 |
| IFN-γ | 17.14 (10.00; 23.01) | 9.65 (7.65; 25.88) | 0.005 * | 13.08 (10.12; 23.37) | 13.00 (10.31; 21.04) | 0.925 |
| TNF-α | 22.42 (16.57; 28.66) | 15.27 (8.41; 21.29) | <0.001 * | 23.02 (17.87; 28.93) | 20.26 (12.51; 25.09) | 0.025 * |
| TNF-β | 23.20 (6.44; 30.15) | 7.22 (3.98; 33.82) | 0.090 | 11.92 (6.00; 29.23) | 7.94 (6.39; 30.60) | 0.879 |
| Anti-inflammatory cytokines | ||||||
| IL-1RA | 50.23 (41.23; 67.74) | 43.68 (32.26; 59.45) | 0.023 * | 44.96 (38.13; 57.94) | 43.90 (36.21; 51.25) | 0.176 |
| IL-4 | 130.1 (81.48; 165.30) | 90.57 (65.82; 145.09) | 0.095 | 92.78 (72.14; 152.06) | 95.09 (73.42; 171.82) | 0.671 |
| IL-10 | 18.94 (8.00; 26.41) | 7.43 (5.58; 16.50) | <0.001 * | 11.95 (7.77; 24.56) | 9.04 (6.27; 19.30) | 0.017 * |
| IL-13 | 19.47 (13.75; 24.02) | 16.01 (10.14; 28.06) | 0.122 | 16.35 (12.89; 24.02) | 19.64 (12.97; 26.97) | 0.270 |
| TGF-α | 5.15 (4.09; 7.16) | 4.03 (2.51; 6.14) | 0.006 * | 4.96 (3.77; 7.06) | 4.70 (3.01; 7.93) | 0.456 |
Note: Data are presented as a median (lower quartile; upper quartile); groups were compared by the Mann–Whitney U test; *: statistically significant differences.