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Two factors leading to the outcomes of viral coinfection. The outcomes of viral coinfection can be mainly attributed to two factors, namely virus factors and host factors. The figure takes IAV coinfection as an example. Host factors in coinfection change the environment of the body, thereby affecting the transmission and pathogenicity of viruses. Virus factors are coinfection changes that affect the intracellular environment and directly or indirectly affect the viral life cycle.
