Table 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% CI for long-term diurnal temperature range with all-cause mortality, CVD, and stroke.
| Outcomes | Per 1 °C Increment | Tertiles of DTR | p trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest Tertile | Middle Tertile | Highest Tertile | |||
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| No. of cases | 1096 | 341 | 363 | 392 | / |
| Incidence rate † | 10.49 | 10.29 | 10.01 | 11.18 | / |
| Model 1 a | 1.14 (1.09−1.18) | Reference | 1.46 (1.23−1.74) | 1.80 (1.52−2.14) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 b | 1.13 (1.09−1.18) | Reference | 1.46 (1.23−1.74) | 1.77 (1.49−2.10) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 c | 1.14 (1.10−1.19) | Reference | 1.50 (1.25−1.79) | 1.79 (1.51−2.13) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 d | 1.13 (1.08−1.18) | Reference | 1.42 (1.17−1.74) | 1.70 (1.40−2.07) | <0.001 |
| CVD (fatal + nonfatal) | |||||
| No. of cases | 993 | 285 | 328 | 380 | / |
| Incidence rate † | 9.45 | 8.55 | 8.99 | 10.79 | / |
| Model 1 a | 1.13 (1.09−1.18) | Reference | 1.04 (0.86−1.26) | 1.68 (1.42−2.00) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 b | 1.13 (1.08−1.18) | Reference | 1.06 (0.88−1.28) | 1.63 (1.37−1.94) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 c | 1.14 (1.09−1.19) | Reference | 1.09 (0.89−1.32) | 1.66 (1.39−1.98) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 d | 1.12 (1.07−1.18) | Reference | 0.94 (0.75−1.17) | 1.52 (1.24−1.87) | <0.001 |
| Stroke (fatal + nonfatal) | |||||
| No. of cases | 597 | 191 | 192 | 214 | / |
| Incidence rate † | 5.64 | 5.70 | 5.22 | 6.02 | / |
| Model 1 a | 1.11 (1.05−1.17) | Reference | 0.82 (0.64−1.06) | 1.45 (1.16−1.80) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 b | 1.10 (1.04−1.16) | Reference | 0.84 (0.65−1.07) | 1.40 (1.12−1.74) | 0.003 |
| Model 3 c | 1.12 (1.06−1.19) | Reference | 0.86 (0.67−1.12) | 1.42 (1.14−1.77) | 0.001 |
| Model 4 d | 1.09 (1.02−1.16) | Reference | 0.68 (0.51−0.91) | 1.18 (0.91−1.53) | 0.071 |
† Incident rate per 1000 person years. a Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, urbanity, ethnicity, geographic region, educational level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and BMI. b Model 2: Model 1 + hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, family history of CVD, and CVD medication history. c Model 3: Model 2 + outdoor PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations, ambient temperature. d Model 4 (fully adjusted model): Model 3 + county-level average years of education and per capita GDP. Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; DTR, diurnal temperature range; GDP, gross domestic product.