Table 1.

Anti-inflammatory approaches in experimental varicocele.

Animal	Treatment	Results	Reference
Rat	Aescin (20–40 mg/kg intragastric) for 7 weeks after 4 weeks from surgery	Lower interstitial edema Reduced polymorphonuclear leucocytes density	[54]
Rat	Morinda officinalis Polysaccharide (200–300–400 mg/kg gavage) for 4 weeks after 8 weeks from surgery	Reduction of TGF-β3 and TNF-α Upregulation of tight junction protein expression	[55]
Rat	Resveratrol (20–50 mg/kg gavage) for one month after 3 months from surgery	Reduction of NLRP3 inflammasome	[28]
Rat	Silymarin (50 mg/kg orally) for 60 days after surgery	Reduction of COX-2	[27]
Rat	MOTILIPERM (monotropein, astragalin, spiraeoside) (200 mg/kg gavage) for 28 days after 4 weeks from surgery	Reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α	[2]
Rat	Berberine (50–100 mg/kg i.p.) for 60 days after surgery	Reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α Diminished immune cells infiltration	[18]
Rat	Gui-A-Gra (1.63–6.5 g/kg orally) for 42 days after 4 weeks from surgery	Reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α	[29]
Rat	Erbal combination (200–400 mg/kg orally) for 4 weeks after surgery	Reduction of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α	[60]
Rat	PDRN (8 mg/kg i.p.)-Se (0.4 mg/kg i.p.) for 30 days after 28 days from surgery	Reduction of NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β	[13]
Mouse	N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) (10 mg/kg i.p.) for 21 days after 28 days from surgery	Reduction of NLRP3 inflammasome, pERK 1/2, TGF-β3 Improvement of tubular and extratubular organization	[56]