Table 3.
Unique characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients without TB, by age groups.
| All (≥18 y/o) |
YA (18–44 y/o) |
MAA (45–64 y/o) |
ELD (≥65 y/o) |
YA vs. MAA vs. ELD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 242 | n = 60 | n = 135 | n = 47 | p Value | |
| Sociodemographics and TB | |||||
| Male sex | 71 (29.5%) | 25 (41.7%) | 35 (26.1%) | 11 (23.4%) | 0.054 |
| Education, High school or higher | 70 (29.1%) | 29 (48.3%) | 38 (28.4%) | 3 (6.4%) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 30 (12.4%) | 9 (3.7%) | 18 (7.4%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0.359 |
| NSAID use | 54 (24.2%) | 7 (13%) | 32 (26.0%) | 15 (32.6%) | 0.057 |
| BCG vaccination | 216 (89.3%) | 53 (88.3%) | 120 (89.6%) | 43 (91.5%) | 0.868 |
| Latent TB infection | 139 (57.7%) | 32 (53.3%) | 80 (59.7%) | 27 (57.5%) | 0.708 |
| Diabetes history | |||||
| Family history of diabetes | 197 (81.7%) | 52 (86.7%) | 111 (82.8%) | 34 (72.3%) | 0.145 |
| Self-reported diabetes | 179 (74.3%) | 40 (66.7%) | 103 (76.9%) | 36 (76.6%) | 0.298 |
| Years with diabetes | 4 (12.9) | 1.8 (9.3) | 5 (11.9) | 10 (23.29) | 0.003 |
| Glucose management | |||||
| Hyperglycemia, 2 levels at 125 mg/dL | 182 (75.5%) | 49 (81.7%) | 104 (77.6%) | 29 (61.7%) | 0.041 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.1 (3.8) | 8.8 (4.3) | 8.2 (3.8) | 7.7 (2.4) | 0.106 |
| Glycemic Index (HbA1c * T2D Years) | 37.6 (125.6) | 17.8 (84.5) | 43.9 (131.2) | 84.0 (179.8) | 0.025 |
| Insulin Levels (mU/L) | 9.2 (12.0) | 12.7 (13.5) | 8.5 (10.9) | 7.7 (12.8) | 0.203 |
| HOMA-IR index | 3.3 (4.3) | 5.4 (5.4) | 3.5 (3.8) | 1.8 (3.7) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes medications in past month | |||||
| Any | 156 (65.2%) | 31 (51.7%) | 92 (68.2%) | 33 (70.2%) | 0.056 |
| Insulin | 38 (15.8%) | 8 (13.3%) | 20 (14.8%) | 10 (21.3%) | 0.487 |
| Metformin | 123 (51%) | 24 (40.0%) | 76 (56.3%) | 23 (48.9%) | 0.106 |
| Sulfonylureas | 83 (34.3%) | 18 (18.3%) | 49 (36.3%) | 23 (48.9%) | 0.003 |
| Metformin + Sulfonylureas | 65 (26.9%) | 9 (15%) | 40 (26.6%) | 16 (34%) | 0.048 |
| Diabetes-associated conditions | |||||
| Body-mass index | 29.6 (8.6) | 31.2 (8.5) | 29.2 (9.3) | 28.9 (7.5) | 0.032 |
| Central obesity (M ≥ 0.90 M; F ≥ 0.86) | 212 (88%) | 52 (86.7%) | 123 (91.8%) | 37 (78.7%) | 0.012 |
| Macrovascular diseases | 109 (45.2%) | 15 (25.0%) | 61 (45.5%) | 33 (70.2%) | <0.001 |
| Microvascular diseases | 113 (46.9%) | 26 (43.3%) | 61 (45.5%) | 26 (55.3%) | 0.418 |
* Data expressed as column% for categorical variables or median (interquartile range, IQR) for continuous; Categorical variables compared by chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, and medians by Kruskall-Wallis test with post hoc Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) method. When comparisons of the three age groups using chi-square or Fisher’s exact had p values ≤ 0.099, further comparisons were done for ELD vs. YA or MAA (Table S4). Significant/borderline significant difference between YA or MAA vs. ELD are indicated by bold format of the percentages or medians; p values ≤ 0.099 shown in bold; NSAID, reported use of pain medications in past month, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.