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. 2022 Dec 13;23(24):15859. doi: 10.3390/ijms232415859

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Best1- and/or GAT3-mediated GABA release from astrocytes. (A) Upon elevated extracellular glutamate concentrations, EAAT-mediated glutamate uptake increases [Na+]I and switches GAT into reverse mode [21] (B) High [Ca2+]i opens Best1 channels. Elevated [GABA]o supports the uptake mode of GATs. Lowering of [Ca2+]i or Best1 blockade results in [GABA]o reduction and switches GAT into reverse mode (indirect in [34]). (C) Glutamate (EAAT) and/or GABA (GAT) uptake switch Na+-Ca2+ exchange (NCE) in reverse mode. Local [Ca2+]I increase opens Best1 and enables GABA release. Note that local [Ca2+]I increase may also affect GAT trafficking [81].