Table 2.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered HCAs.
| HCA | Animal Species | Dose (mg/kg) |
Cmax
(mg/L) |
Tmax
(h) |
t1/2
(h) |
MRT0→∞
(h) |
AUC0→∞
(mg h/L) |
Vd (L/kg) |
Cl (L/h kg) |
AUC0→∞/Dose | F (%) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 120.0 | - | - | absorption: 0.08 α: 0.14 β: 3.14 |
- | 278.3 | 0.518 | 0.115 | 2.32 | 26.54 | [146] |
| CA | Wistar rats | 18.0 | 2.023 a
0.409 b |
0.17 a
0.17 b |
0.58 a
0.57 b |
- - |
1.755 a,c
0.329 b,c |
- - |
- - |
0.0975 a,c
0.0183 b,c |
- - |
[147] |
| CA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 20.0 | 7.871 | 0.33 | 1.25 | 1.72 | 14.03 | - | 0.702 | 3.4 | [148] | |
| CA | Sprague–Dawley rats | 10.0 | 0.25 | 0.33 | β: 2.13 | 2.96 | 0.355 | 2.41 | 3.35 | 0.0355 | 14.7 | [141] |
| CGA | Wistar rats | 50.0 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 1.7 | - | 1.61 | 97.5 | 39 | 0.003 | - | [149] |
| CGA | Sprague–Dawley rats | 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 |
0.00245 0.00912 0.019 0.021 |
0.25 0.5 1.5 0.75 |
- - - - |
- - - - |
0.0078 c
0.017 c 0.041 c 0.065 c |
- - - - |
0.618–0.726 |
0.0078 0.0085 0.0103 0.0081 |
0.478 0.522 0.718 0.569 |
[150] |
| CGA | Wistar rats | 240.0 | 1.855 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [151] |
| CGA | Kunming mices | 1200.0 | 82.6 | 0.17 | - | - | 51.388 c | - | - | 0.0428 | - | [152] |
| p-COA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 16.4 | 27.17 a
16.29 b |
0.17 a
0.17 b |
0.27 a
- |
- - |
8.176 a,c
- |
- - |
- - |
0.499 a
- |
- - |
[153] |
| p-COA | Wistar rats | 2.35 | 3.15 | 0.17 | 1.28 | - | 2.32 | - | - | 0.987 | 51.8 | [75] |
| p-COA | Wistar rats | 7.38 | 4.29 | 0.18 | 0.77 | - | 2.502 | - | - | 0.339 | - | [154] |
| p-COA | Human | 258 * | 0.02195 | 0.5 | 0.9 | - | 0.2082 | - | - | 0.00008 | - | [155] |
| FA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 10.0 | 8.175 | 0.03 | absorption: 0.07 α: 0.16 β: 1.77 |
- | 2.962 | - | - | 0.296 | - | [156] |
| FA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 80.0 | 9.98 | 1.33 | 2.14 | 3.33 | 34.75 | - | - | 0.434 | - | [157] |
| FA | Wistar rats | 40.0 | 73.2 | 0.58 | 1.39 | 1.40 d | 82.86 c | 1.22 × 106 | 2.5 × 105 | 2.072 | - | [158] |
| RA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 50.0 | 1.667 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [159] |
| RA | Wistar rats | 36.0 | 0.489 a
0.166 b |
0.17 a
0.08 b |
0.95 a
1.1 b |
- - |
0.3624 a,c
0.0996 b,c |
- - |
- - |
0.01 a,c
0.003 a,c |
- - |
[147] |
| RA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 50.0 | 0.327 | 0.33 | 6.77 | - | 1.395 | - | - | 0.028 | - | [105] |
| RA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 12.5 25.0 50.0 |
0.215 0.362 0.791 |
0.14 0.18 0.31 |
5.54 5.24 4.92 |
7.32 7.25 6.11 |
0.867 1.310 1.867 |
111.83 141.81 197.65 |
15 19.2 27.6 |
0.069 0.053 0.037 |
1.69 1.28 0.91 |
[160] |
| RA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 50.0 | 0.416 | 0.15 | 5.02 | - | 1.246 | - | - | 0.025 | - | [161] |
| RA | Sprague-Dawley rats | 50.0 | 1.088 | 0.19 | 1.34 | 1.57 | 0.972 | - | - | 0.019 | 4.13 | [162] |
Cmax: maximum concentration. Tmax: maximum time. t1/2: half-life time. MRT: mean residence time. AUC: area under the curve. Vd: volume of distribution. Cl: clearance. F: absolute bioavailability. a Sample collected from portal vein. b Sample collected from abdominal artery. c AUC0→t (mg h/L). d MRT0→t (h). * Only mg.