Table 7.

Carbohydrate intolerances: diagnostic tools and treatment [67,68].

Type of Intolerance	Diagnostic Tool	Treatment
Lactose	Hydrogen breath test with lactose	Low-lactose diet
Fructose	Hydrogen breath test with fructose	Low-fructose diet
FODMAPs	Elimination diet, OFC, hydrogen breath test	Low-FODMAPs diet
NCGS	Exclusion of celiac disease and wheat allergy, the Salerno Experts’ recommendations	Gluten-free/Wheat free diet/ Low-FODMAPs

FODMAPs—fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols, NCGS—non-celiac gluten sensitivity, OFC—oral food challenge.