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. 2022 Dec 13;27(24):8851. doi: 10.3390/molecules27248851

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) The transcriptional levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 compared with cells treated with CuSO₄ and chelators using RT-PCR. (B) The effect of copper with chelators on TGF-β/Smad signaling in GBM cells evaluated by Western blotting assay. (C) Wound healing assays of absence or presence of 40 ng/mL TGF-β1 in 50 μM CuSO₄ and images obtained at 48 h. Scale bars: 200 µm. (D) The expression of EMT regulators in GBM cells evaluated using Western blot assay. (E) Measurement of a copper concentration treated with 50 μM CuSO₄ with various concentrations of chelators using a copper assay kit. Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments using two-tailed t-test. *** p < 0.001.