Table 2.
Association between riboflavin intake and mortality among adults attending NHANES 2005–2016.
| Quartiles of Riboflavin Intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study Outcomes | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p |
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Number of total deaths | 314 | 303 | 312 | 285 | |
| Incidence rate (per 1000 person years) | 12.61 | 9.34 | 10.20 | 7.00 | |
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 0.61 (0.50–0.75) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.53–0.81) | 0.68 (0.55–0.84) | 0.59 (0.46–0.76) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | 0.62 (0.48–0.80) | 0.002 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.74 (0.58–0.93) | 0.62 (0.48–0.81) | 0.002 |
| Sensitivity analysis | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.52–0.92) | 0.73 (0.56–0.96) | 0.65 (0.50–0.84) | 0.006 |
| CVD mortality | |||||
| Number of deaths from CVD | 95 | 100 | 106 | 72 | |
| Incidence rate (per 1000 person years) | 3.30 | 3.41 | 3.14 | 1.84 | |
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | 0.93 (0.68–1.29) | 0.55 (0.39–0.77) | 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) | 0.69 (0.45–1.08) | 0.44 (0.27–0.73) | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 0.79 (0.49–1.26) | 0.52 (0.30–0.90) | 0.027 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.64–1.36) | 0.78 (0.49–1.25) | 0.53 (0.31–0.90) | 0.026 |
| Sensitivity analysis | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.65–1.53) | 0.81 (0.46–1.43) | 0.72 (0.43–1.20) | 0.165 |
| Cancer mortality | |||||
| Number of deaths from cancer | 74 | 71 | 69 | 88 | |
| Incidence rate (per 1000 person years) | 3.04 | 2.18 | 2.43 | 2.45 | |
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.43–1.26) | 0.80 (0.50–1.29) | 0.81 (0.53–1.24) | 0.450 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.36–1.04) | 0.59 (0.36–0.96) | 0.62 (0.39–1.00) | 0.085 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.37–1.06) | 0.61 (0.37–1.00) | 0.61 (0.36–1.02) | 0.095 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.37–1.06) | 0.61 (0.37–1.01) | 0.61 (0.36–1.03) | 0.103 |
| Sensitivity analysis | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.27–0.98) | 0.88 (0.51–1.51) | 0.67 (0.38–1.17) | 0.483 |
Model 1 adjusted for age, gender, and energy intake; Model 2 further adjusted for physical activity, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, and intake of fat; Model 3 further adjusted for metabolic syndrome, depression, and short sleep; sensitivity analysis: Model 3 including riboflavin supplement. p value from Cox regression analysis.