Table 3.
Outcomes of studies applying hUC-MSCs or their derivatives (with or without bioengineered scaffolds) to treat endometrial pathologies.
| Treatment | Model | Condition | Administration | Results | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thickness | Gland Number | Fibrosis | Regeneration and Functionality Markers | Fertility Outcomes | |||||
| hUC-MSC | Rat | IUA | TV | Improved | Improved | Reduced | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ Itga1, Thbs, Laminin, collagen ↓ VWF |
Restored | [215] |
| hUC-MSC | Rat | IUA | TV | Improved | Improved | Reduced | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ VEGFA, MMP9, CD31 ↓TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 |
Restored | [40] |
| hUC-MSC | Rat | IUA | Local | Improved | Improved | NR | NR | Restored | [232] |
| hUC-MSC | Rat | Thin endometrium | TV + Local | NR | NR | NR | ↑ FGF ↓ TNFα |
NR | [216] |
| hUC-MSC | Rat | IUA | IP | Improved | Improved | Reduced | ↑ Angiogenesis ↓ TGFβ and Smad3 |
Restored | [214] |
| hUC-MSC | Human | IUA | Local | Improved | NR | Reduced | Restored menstrual cycle | NR | [68] |
| hUC-MSC + collagen | Rat | IUA | Local | Improved | Improved | Reduced | ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ MMP9 |
Restored | [39] |
| hUC-MSC + collagen | Human | IUA | Local | Improved | NR | Reduced | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ PanCK, ERα, PR ↑ VEGFA, TGFβ, PDGF |
Restored | [38] |
| hUC-MSC + collagen | Human | Asherman syndrome | Local | Improved | NR | Reduced | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ ERα, PR |
Restored | [67] |
| hUC-MSC + collagen | Human | IUA | Local | Improved | NR | Reduced | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ ERα, PR |
Restored | [217] |
| hUC-MSC + AMM | Rat | IUA | Local | Improved | Improved | NR | ↑ Keratin, Vimentin, Integrinβ3, IL-4, IL-10, MMP9, KI67 ↓TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, VEGF |
Non Restored |
[218] |
| hUC-MSC + PF-127 | Rat | Thin endometrium | Local | Improved | Improved | NR | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ VEGFA, Nos3 |
NR | [219] |
| hUC-MSC + SF-SIS | Mouse | IUA | Local | Improved | Improved | Reduced | NR | NR | [93] |
| hUC-MSC + HA | Monkey | IUA | Local | Improved | Improved | Reduced | ↑ IL-4, IGF1, EGF ↓ IFNγ |
NR | [220] |
| hUC-MSCmiR−455−5p | Mouse | IUA | NR | NR | Improved | Reduced | ↑ JAK2, STAT3 ↓ SOCS3 |
NR | [90] |
| hUC-MSC EVs | Rat | IUA | IP | NR | Improved | Reduced | ↑ VEGF ↓ TGFβ, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, RUNX2, COL1A1 |
NR | [226] |
| UC plasma | Mouse | IUA | Local | NR | NR | NR | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ HOXA10, P85, 2aaa, Stat5A, Rhoa |
NR | [127] |
| hUC-PRP + EndoECM | Mouse | IUA | Local | Improved | Improved | Reduced | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ AKT1, VEGF, angiogenin |
Restored | [231] |
| PDGF-BB + FGF + IGF1 + EndoECM | Mouse | IUA | Local | Improved | Improved | Reduced | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis ↓ Col1A1 |
Restored | [230] |
| FGF + CBD | Rat | IUA | Local | Improved | NR | Reduced | ↑ Angiogenesis | Restored | [228] |
| FGF + CBD | Human | IUA | Local | Improved | NR | Reduced | ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis |
Restored | [229] |
| FGF + GelMA + Na-alginate scaffold | Rat | IUA | Local | Improved | Improved | Reduced | ↑ Angiogenesis | NR | [227] |
The up and down arrows, respectively, indicate an increase and decrease. hUC-MSC, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; IUA, intrauterine adhesions; Itga1, integrin subunit alpha 1; Thbs, thrombospondin; VWF, Von Willebrand factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; MMP9, metalloprotease 9; CD31, Cluster of differentiation 31; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL-2, interleukin 2; IL-4, interleukin 4; IL-10, interleukin 10; NR, non-reported; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta; Smad3, SMAD family member 3; PanCK, pan-cytokeratin; ERα, estrogen receptor alpha; PR, progesterone receptor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; AMM, acellular amniotic matrix; PF-127, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) 127; Nos3, nitric oxide synthase 3; SF-SIS, silk fibroin small-intestinal submucosa; HA, hyaluronic acid; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1; EGF, epidermal growth factor; JAK2, Janus kinase 2; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; miR-455-5p: microRNA 455-5p; EVs: extracellular vesicles; IL-1, interleukin 1; IL-6, interleukin 6; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; COL1, collagen type 1; HOXA10, homeobox A10; 2aaa, serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A; Stat5A, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A; Rhoa, Ras homolog family member A; CBD, collagen-binding domain; GelMA, gelatin methacrylate; TV, tail vein injection; IP, intraperitoneal injection; EndoECM, decellularized endometrial extracellular matrix hydrogel; UC, umbilical cord; hUC-PRP, human umbilical cord platelet-rich plasma; Na-alginate, sodium alginate.