Table 1.

Association between vaccination and long COVID-19: Evidence from the literature.

Vaccination and Long COVID-19	Association	References
Pathophysiology of acute and long COVID-19 and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination	Acute and long-COVID-19 share common pathophysiologic pathways. Vaccination could attenuate immune responses leading to chronic symptoms	[46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53]
Number of vaccine doses and post-COVID-19 condition	Two doses or complete vaccination is likely more protective than one dose	[24,46,47,57]
Circulating variants and post-COVID-19 condition	Inconclusive/inadequate evidence	[22]
Type and level of serological response and post-COVID-19 condition	Persistence of high serological response induced by natural infection but not by vaccination may play a role in long COVID-19	[58]
Timing of vaccination and post-COVID-19 condition	Earlier vaccination, before infection, may be more protective	[48,59]
Vaccination during long-COVID-19 symptoms in previously unvaccinated adults	Improvement of symptoms is likely	[57,58,59,60,61,62]
Age and effectiveness of vaccination in relation to post-COVID-19 condition	Effectiveness is likely higher in older adults; however, more data is needed	[46,57]
Vaccination and neurocognitive and cardiovascular post-COVID-19 sequalae	Improvement/protection is likely; however, more data is needed	[48,57,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76]