Table 2.
Clinical studies in maternal diets on GDM outcomes.
| Clinical Trial | Dose/Supplement | Health Outcome on GDM | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Effect of the Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin oil and pistachios on GDM | Daily consumption of ≥40 mL of extra virgin oil and 25–30 g of pistachios in addition to basic Med Diet recommendations for 16 weeks | ↓ maternal fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and GWG ↓ neonatal LGA |
[184] |
| Dietary blueberry and fiber supplements for GDM women | 280 g whole blueberries and 12 g soluble fiber daily for 18 weeks | ↓ maternal weight gain and blood glucose | [185] |
| Effect of DASH diet on GDM | Daily intake of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and a diet low in saturated fats, cholesterol, and refined grains and sweets for 4 weeks | Improved pregnancy and fetal health outcomes Reduced the need for insulin therapy ↓ fetal macrosomia |
[186] |
| Probiotic supplements | Daily intake of probiotic capsules (2 × 109 CFU/g each of a Lactobacillus spp. and b Bifidobacterium spp.) | ↑ PPAR-γ, HDL and antioxidant capacity ↓ TNF-α, fasting glucose, insulin resistance, TG, and VLDL |
[187] |
| Myo-inositol supplements | 4 g/day throughout pregnancy | Reduced the risk of preterm birth, macrosomia, and maternal weight gain | [188] |
DASH: dietary approaches to stop hypertension. CFU: colony-forming unit. a Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. fermentum. b Bifidobacterium bifidum. ↑ refers increase and ↓ refers decrease.