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Flow chart summarizing the methodology. After the specimens’ acquisition, computed tomography (CT) scan was performed to determine that the specimen met the experimental criteria and to determine the parameters of the pedicle screws. Pedicle screws were implanted and augmented with CaS/HA cement, and then a pull-out experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of the augmentation. Abbreviations: HU: Hounsfield units; CaS/HA: calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite.
