Table 1.
Introduction to various curcumin–cyclodextrin supramolecular systems, with emphasis on cyclodextrin types, preparation techniques and structural characterization techniques.
| CD Type | Preparation Method | Host to Guest Ratio | Characterization Techniques | Key Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HP-α-CD, HP-β-CD, HP-γ-CD |
Co-evaporation, Freeze-drying |
2:1, 1:1 | FTIR, Raman spectra, XRD, UV-Vis and DSC | Raman spectroscopy can be used as an effective means of verifying the formation of inclusion compounds. | [39] |
| β-CD | Freeze-drying | - | FTIR, 1H NMR, DSC, TGA, XRD, SEM and TEM | CD enhanced the delivery of CUR in prostate cancer cells and improved its therapeutic efficacy compared to free CUR. | [31] |
| β-CD | Co-precipitation, Freeze-drying, Solvent evaporation |
2:1 | FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and XRD | The application of CUR/CD complex in vanilla ice creams intensified the color of the products and produced a great sensorial acceptance. | [40] |
| β-CD, γ-CD, HPβCD, 2-O-methyl-β-CD, HP-γ-CD |
- | - | 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and DSC | All five CUR/CD inclusions showed improved hydrolytic stability compared to CUR, but all had reduced antioxidant potential. | [41] |
| β-CD | Solvent evaporation, Freeze-drying | 1:1 | NMR, | NMR spectroscopy elucidates the mechanism by which β-CD enhances the water solubility of CUR. | [34] |
| β-CD, γ-CD | Solvent evaporation, Freeze-drying | 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 8:1 |
Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis | Raman spectroscopy elucidates the mechanism of interaction between CUR and CD. | [32] |
| β-CD | Kneading, Co-precipitation |
2:1 | FTIR, SEM, XRD and UV-Vis | β-CD proven to be an excellent sustained release carrier for CUR. | [42] |
| β-CD | Saturated aqueous solution |
- | FTIR and UV-Vis | CD may be used as a carrier to improve the release and therapeutic efficacy of CUR in lung cancer. | [43] |
| β-CD, γ-CD | The soluble method | 1:1 | UV-Vis, FTIR and 1H NMR |
The CUR/CD inclusion has more antioxidant activity than free CUR. | [33] |
| β-CD | Kneading | 1:1 | NMR, FTIR, XRD, TGA and SEM | β-CD as a carrier enhances the anti-proliferative effect of CUR during the complexation process. | [44] |
| β-CD | Coprecipitation, Kneading, Simple mixing |
2:1 | DSC, TGA and 1H NMR | CUR/β-CD has greater color development than pure colorants and the use of the complexes in dairy products can produce a great sensorial acceptance. | [45] |
| HP-β-CD, Sulfobutylether-β-CD(SBE-β-CD) |
Solvent evaporation, Freeze-drying, Autoclaving |
- | 1H NMR, Raman spectroscopy, DSC and XRD | The autoclaving method for complex formation was found to be the most efficient in terms of processing time and CUR encapsulation efficiency. | [46] |
| HP-β-CD | Solvent evaporation, Freeze-drying, PH shift | 1:1 | DSC and FTIR | Among the three methods of inclusion preparation, solvent evaporation is the most suitable method for preparation of CUR/HP-β-CD inclusion. | [47] |
| HP-β-CD | - | - | DSC | The PH value plays an important role in the formation of inclusion compounds. | [48] |
| HP-β-CD | Co-precipitation | - | FTIR, XRD and SEM | CUR/HP-β-CD inclusions have better potential than CUR nanoparticles for application in Alzheimer’s disease. | [49] |
| HP-β-CD | The grinding method | 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 | FTIR and DSC | CUR/ HP-β-CD in situ hydrogel are a promising formulation for melanoma treatment. | [50] |
| HP-β-CD | Kneading | 1:1 | SEM, DSC and FTIR | HP-β-CD complexation improves intestinal absorption of CUR. | [51] |
| HP-β-CD | Cosolvent-lyophilization | 3:1 | FTIR, XRD and DSC | The oral bioavailability of CUR was enhanced to 2.77-fold by the HP-β-CD. | [36] |
| HP-β-CD | Co-evaporation | 1.35:1 | UV-Vis, FTIR, NMR, XRD, DSC, TGA and SEM | A supramolecular system for the complexation of the modified CUR with HP-β-CD was established. | [52] |
| HP-β-CD | Grinding, Freeze-Drying, Common solvent evaporation |
- | XRD, FTIR and DSC | The solid dispersion system consisting of CUR and HPβCD significantly increased the solubility of the drug compared to the inclusion complex. | [38] |
| SBE-β-CD | Freeze-drying, Kneading, Co-evaporation |
1:1 | 1H NMR, FTIR, DSC and SEM | The CUR/SBE-β-CD complex has potential in the treatment of lung cancer. | [53] |
| Methyl-β-CD (M-β-CD) | Solvent evaporation | - | SEM | The CUR/M-β-CD inclusion complex showed higher antimicrobial potency than CUR nanoparticles. | [54] |
| Randomly methylated-β-CD (RM-β-CD) | Saturated aqueous solution |
- | UV-Vis and FTIR | CUR forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with RM-β-CD. | [55] |
| Succinic acid-β-CD | - | - | - | Succinic acid-β-cyclodextrin affects the biological accessibility of curcumin in the circulation by modulating the binding of curcumin to bovine serum proteins. | [56] |
| γ-CD, HP-γ-CD |
- | - | UV-Vis | HP-γ -CD has a better solubilizing effect on CUR than γ-CD. | [37] |