TABLE 1.
Prevalence of symptoms of psychological distress among cancer patients in Southeast Asian countries
| Author, year (country) | Number of patients (N) | Age (range, median) | Marital status/gender | Cancer type/stage N (%) | Treatment method/status | Severity of illness/diagnostic instrument | Study design | Anxiety/depression prevalence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aamir et al., 2012 (Malaysia) | 288 | (20–85, 54) |
S = 35 M = 253/F = 111 M = 177 |
NR/I II = (2.7) III = (97.2) |
Hormone therapy/ongoing | Moderate/HADS | CS | 48.6/30 |
| Beck et al., 2016 (Singapore) | 315 | (27–92, 59) |
S = 72 M = 243/F = 31 M = 22 |
VC/NR | Chemotherapy/NR | Mild to moderate/HADS | CS | 88/38.32 |
| Chan et al., 2015 (Malaysia) | 467 | (18–93, 56) |
S = 103 M = 364/F = 348 M = 119 |
0 = 28 (6.0) I = 57 (12.2) II = 82 (17.6) III = 77 (16.5) IV = 213 (45.6) Recurrent = 10 (2.1) |
Radiotherapy chemoradiotherapy/NR | NR/HADS | CS | 12/SC |
| De Guzman, 2014 (Philippines) | 710 | (18–82, 42) |
S = 260 M = 398/F = 356 M = 302 |
NR/NR | NR/ongoing | Severe/HADS | CS | 52.4/41 |
| Gan et al., 2019 (Malaysia) | 319 | (18–92, 52) |
NR/F = 179 M = 140 |
VC/NR |
Mastectomy/ongoing, Completed |
Severe/DASS‐21 | CS | 33/38 |
| Hanprasertpong et al., 2017 (Thailand) | 699 | (20–70, 53) |
S = 142 M = 557/F |
Cervical/I = 223 II = 353 III = 114 IV = 9 |
No treatment/ongoing, Completed |
NR/GAD‐7, PHQ‐9 | CS | 21/SC |
| Islam, 2015 (Malaysia) | 1000 | (>18, NR) | NR/F |
Breast/I II III IV |
Chemotherapy/ongoing, Completed |
Moderate/HADS | Longitudinal | SC/SC |
| Kim et al., 2017 (SEA) | 5249 | (18–100, NR) |
S = 1202 M = 4047/F = 3631 M = 1618 |
I = 437 II = 1190 III = 984 IV = 561 |
Chemotherapy/ongoing | Severe/HADS | CS | 37/15 |
| Lee et al., 2015 (Singapore) | 300 | (>20, 56) |
S = 104 M = 195/F = 168 M = 130 |
VC/NR | Surgery/NR | NR/HADS | CS | SC/NR |
| Manalo & Ngelangel, 2015 (Philippines) | 535 | (20–>80, 52) |
S = 138 M = 397/F = 278 M = 257 |
VC/I = 33 (6.17) II = 120 (22.43) III = 195 (36.45) IV = 187 (34.95) |
Chemotherapy/completed | NR/EQ‐5D‐3L | CS | 38/57.5 |
| Mei Hsien et al., 2012 (Malaysia) | 500 | NR | NR/NR | VC/NR |
Surgery MRM/ongoing |
Normal/ECOG, HADS | Longitudinal | SC/11.3 |
| Akhtari‐Zavare et al., 2018 (Malaysia) | 2120 | (>18, 54) |
S = 660 M = 1450/F = 1203 M = 917 |
VC/I = 208 II = 323 III = 785 IV = 804 |
Chemotherapy/ongoing | Severe/NR | CS | SC/NR |
| Nuraini et al., 2018 (Indonesia) | 308 | (35–59, NR) |
S = 40 M = 268/F |
Breast/II= III = 139 IV |
Surgery/ongoing, Completed |
Moderate/DAQ | CS | 40/NR |
| Peltzer et al., 2016 (Cambodia) | 4799 | (18–101, 52) |
NR/F = 1131 M = 1611 |
VC/NR | Others/ongoing | NR/CES‐D | CS | 47.8/45.9 |
| Que et al., 2013 (Philippines) | 250 | (>18, 53) |
S = 16 M = 38/F = 32 M = 21 |
VC/NR | Chemotherapy/completed, ongoing | NR/PHQ‐8 | CS | NR/22 |
| Setyowibowo et al., 2018 (Indonesia) | 471 | (>18, 43) | NR/F | Breast/NR | Radiotherapy/ongoing | NR/HADS | CS | 7/22 |
| Shian Ming Tan et al., 2014 (Singapore) | 315 | (>18, 58.3) |
S = 72 M = 243/F = 283 M = 132 |
NR/I = 16 (5.1) II = 1(5.7) III = 32(10.2) IV = 17 (53.2) |
Chemotherapy/ongoing | Severe/MINI | CS | 7.8/NR |
| Subramaniam et al., 2018 (Malaysia) | 1490 | (>18, 52) |
NR, F = 928 M = 562 |
Breast/I‐II = 325 (28.9) III‐IV = 448 (39.9) Hematologic tumour = 350 (31.2) |
NR/ongoing | Severe/DASS‐21 | CS | 84/18.9 |
| Thiagarajan et al., 2016 (Malaysia) | 303 | (>18, 53) |
F = 228 M = 75 |
VC/I = 23 (7.60) II = 70 (23.1) III = 83 (27.4) IV = 127 (41.9) |
TCM/ongoing | Moderate severe/HADS | CS | SC/38 |
| Thinh et al., 2018 (SEA) | 462 | (18–80, 55) |
NR/F = 248 M = 214 |
Breast, lung/0 = 4 (0.9) I = 11 (2.4) II = 32 (6.9) III = 79 (17.1) IV = 311 (67.3) |
No treatment/NR | Moderate/RSCL | CS | 56.2/15.4 |
| Truong et al., 2019 (Vietnam) | 510 | (>18, 59) |
S = 48 M = 462/F = 157 M = 353 |
NR/I = 170 II = 208 III = 109 IV = 23 |
Chemotherapy/ongoing | NR/DASS‐21 | CS | 43/27.4 |
| Vidthya et al., 2019 (Malaysia) | 953 | (<45–>60, 51) |
S = 590 M = 363/F = 569 M = 384 |
VC/NR | NR/ongoing | Moderate to severe/HADS | CS | 22.3/65.5 |
| Yen et al., 2016 (Vietnam) | 695 | (>18, 56) |
S = F = 333 M = 362 |
VC/I = (22) II = (42) III = (27) IV = (9) |
NR/ongoing | Moderate to severe/DASS‐21 | CS | NR/SC |
Abbreviations: NR = not reported; VC = Various cancers; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; EQ‐5D‐3L = Euro Qol five‐dimensions–3‐level scale; MINI = Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; DAQ = Death Anxiety Questionnaire; RSCL = Rotterdam Symptom Checklist; CES‐D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; ECOG = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group criteria for psychological distress; GAD‐7 = Seven‐item Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale; PHQ‐9 = Nine‐item Patient Health Questionnaire; CES‐D = Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression; PHQ‐8 = Eight‐item Patient Health Questionnaire; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; DASS‐21 = 21‐item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; CS=Cross‐sectional; SC = Significant correlation.