FIGURE 1.

RIG‐I and MDA5 sensing of viral RNA and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Viral ssRNA and dsRNA are sensed by the RLR family members RIG‐I and MDA5. Upon receptor engagement, the N‐terminal CARD domains become exposed and recruit multiple signaling proteins, including the adaptor MAVS. The downstream signaling pathways culminate in activation of the transcription factors IRF3, IRF7, NF‐κB, and AP‐1, which promote transcription of IFNs and other inflammatory mediators