TABLE 3.
Changes is EUROHIS‐QOL eight‐item index according to changes in sleep parameters
| Quality of life (EUROHIS‐QOL eight‐item index) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean change (95% CI) | Mean change adjusted estimate (95% CI) | F value (DF) | p | Group comparisons | |||
| Mean difference adjusted estimate (95% CI) | p | ||||||
| Sleep quality | |||||||
| Worse | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.07) | −0.05 (−0.15 to 0.05) | 9.9 (2) | <0.0001 | Worse vs. no change | −0.15 (−0.25 to −0.06) | 0.0005 |
| No change | 0.14 (0.11–0.17) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.18) | Worse vs. improved | −0.21 (−0.32 to −0.10) | <0.0001 | ||
| Improved | 0.25 (0.18–0.32) | 0.16 (0.07 to 0.24) | No change vs. improved | −0.06 (−0.14 to −0.03) | 0.25 | ||
| Sleep duration | |||||||
| Decreased | 0.08 (0.03–0.14) | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.13) | 3.5 (2) | 0.031 | Decrease vs. no change | −0.08 (−0.16 to −0.00) | 0.042 |
| No change | 0.18 (0.13–0.23) | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.21) | Decrease vs. increase | −0.08 (−0.16 to 0.01) | 0.075 | ||
| Increased | 0.15 (0.10–0.21) | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.21) | No change vs. increase | 0.00 (−0.07 to 0.08) | 0.99 | ||
| Sleep medication use | |||||||
| Increased | 0.08 (−0.07 to 0.22) | −0.06 (−0.19 to 0.07) | 4.9 (2) | 0.0076 | Increase vs. no change | −0.17 (−0.31 to −0.04) | 0.0073 |
| No change | 0.14 (0.11–0.18) | 0.12 (0.04 to 0.19) | Increase vs. decrease | −0.12 (−0.29 to 0.06) | 0.27 | ||
| Decreased | 0.17 (0.05–0.28) | 0.06 (−0.07 to 0.18) | No change vs. decrease | 0.06 (−0.07 to 0.18) | 0.52 | ||
CI, confidence interval; DF, degrees of freedom; EUROHIS‐QOL, EUROHIS‐QOL eight‐item index.
Note: Mean changes (non‐adjusted and adjusted) with 95% CIs in EUROHIS‐QOL years 2014–2015 according to changes in sleep parameters. Adjusted mean values, F values, DF and p values are from three different models for multiway analysis of covariance to explain factors affecting the change in quality of life. Change in sleep quality, sleep duration and sleep medication use were all entered in different models with EUROHIS‐QOL change. All models were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, educational level, disease burden, and EUROHIS‐QOL level at baseline. Group comparisons between different classes of sleep parameters are also presented. Mean differences in EUROHIS‐QOL between groups are presented with 95% CI. The p values and 95% CIs for group comparisons are adjusted with Tukey's method.