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. 2022 Jul 21;66(18):2200164. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.202200164

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Propionate and butyrate significantly reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the rat brain. Germ‐free rats were orally administered PBS (GF), sodium propionate (300 mg kg−1, GF‐Pro) or sodium butyrate (300 mg kg−1, GF‐But) for 7 days. Cytokine (IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐12, TNF‐α, INF‐γ) and chemokine (MCP‐1) levels were measured after treatment. A) Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the ACC (n = 7). B) Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the hippocampus (n = 6–7). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. One‐way ANOVA. GF‐But, GF‐butyrate; GF‐Pro, GF‐propionate.