Table 1.

Representation of various anticancer studies of phloretin. Arrows designate up (↑) and downregulation (↓) of the molecules.

S. No	Types of Cancer	Cell Culture Model		Mechanisms	Dose/Concentration Used	Ref.
1	Human breast tumor cells	H-Ras MCF10A	Apoptosis induction	↑p53, ↑Bax, and ↑ cleavage of poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase	100 μM	[91]
2	Human triple-negative breast cancer	MDA-MB-231 and BALB/c nude mice	Anti-proliferative and inhibited migration	↓paxillin/FAK, ↓Src, ↓GLUTs, ↑p53, ↑p21, ↑E-cadherin	50–150 μM	[16]
3	Human cervical cancer	SiHa, and nude mice (in vivo)	Anti-metastasis and anti-angiogenesis	↓invasion, ↓MMP-2 ↓MMP-3, ↓cathepsin S	60 μM, 100 μM (in vitro cell lines); 10 or 20 mg/kg (in vivo model)	[17]
4	Human colon cancer	HT-29-Luc cells	Apoptosis induction	↓BCL2, TRAIL	-	[12]
5	Human colorectal cancer	COLO 205 and HT-29 and in vivo BALB/c nude mice	Inhibit cell invasiveness	↓Glucose transporters, ↑p53	12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM	[36]
6	Human esophageal cancer	EC-109 cells	Apoptosis induction	↓B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2), ↑p53, ↑apoptotic protease activating factor-1	60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 µg/mL	[7]
7	Human Gastric Cancer	AGS	Apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest	↑G2/M phase arrest	-	[11]
8	Human glioblastoma cells	U87 and U251	Apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest	↑p27, ↓cdk2, ↓cdk4, ↓cdk6, ↓cyclin D and ↓cyclin E, ↓PI3K/AKT/mTOR	200 μM	[38]
9	Human leukemia cells	HL60	Apoptosis induction	↓protein kinase C	0.1–0.2 mM	[92]
10	Hepatocellular carcinoma	HepG2, SK-Hep1, Sor resistant HepG2SR, Huh7SR xenografts	anti-proliferative anti- angiogenesis,	↓STAT3, ↓AKT/mTOR/JAK2/VEGFR2	50 μM	[93]
11	Human liver cancer	HepG2 cells as well in vivo mice models	Apoptosis induction	↓Akt and Bcl-2, GLUT2	200 μM	[14]
12	Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells	A549	Apoptosis induction	↑BAX, ↑cleaved caspase-3 and -9, ↑ PARP, ↓Bcl-2	20 mg/kg (administered to in vivo models)	[8]
13	Human oral cancer	SCC-1	Cell cycle arrest	↑G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, ↓cyclin D1, ↓CDK4 and ↓CDK6, ↑ROS	-	[9]
14	Human Prostate Cancer	LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, PC-3, and DU145	Apoptosis induction	↓Sp3/4, VEGF, Survivin	20, 50, and 100 μM	[94]
15	Mouse melanoma	4A5 cells	Apoptosis induction	↑Bax, ↑caspases activation	0.1–0.2 mM	[92]