Table 2.
Novel compounds from marine by-products for cosmeceuticals.
| By-Product Source | Functional Product | Processing Method | Cosmeceutical Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salmon and Codfish skins | Collagen | Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) extraction | Good moisture absorption, prevents skin dehydration without irritation | [14,177] |
| Milkfish scale | Hydrolyzed collagen | Pepsin hydrolysis | Moisturizers, antiaging agents, and skin-whitening agents | [145] |
| Salmon skin | Collagen peptides | Water, protease | Wound healing | [31] |
| Salmon skin | Hydrolysates gelatin | Hot water, alkaline protease | Antiaging against the UV-induced photo-aging | [178] |
| Fish scale | Collagen peptide | Hot water, enzymatic | Improving skin elasticity | [27] |
| Olive flounder and Alaska pollock skins | Fish skin hydrolysates | Enzymatic hydrolysis (pepsin, alcalase, protemax) | Minimize ROS levels, enhanced the viability of UV-B irradiated HaCat cells and human dermal fibroblast | [179] |
| Pacific whiting skin | Hydrolysates gelatin | Hot water | Anti-photoaging, delayed skin wrinkling | [180] |
| Manhaden fish oil | Rich in omega-3 | N.a | Reduce the irradiation effect | [51,52] |
| Marbled rock cod by-product | Fish oil in capsule | Solvent extraction (hexane) | Suppressed MMP-1 | [55] |
| Shark liver | Squalen (Semosqualene®) | N.a | Preventing and repairing cutaneous photoaging | [181] |
| Codfish bone | Hydroxyapatite-Fe2O3 | Calcination 700 °C | Active sunscreen filter | [66,67] |
| Pacific cod skin | Hydrolysates gelatin | Alkaline protease | Anti-photoaging, delaying skin wrinkling | [182] |
| Fringescale sardinella bone | Hydroxyapatite, hydroxyapatite- Mn, hydroxyapatite- Fe | Calcination 900 °C | Active sunscreen filter | [68] |
| Salmon skin | Collagen peptide | Water, protease | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory | [183] |
| Tuna skin | Hydrolyzed collagen | Static hydrothermal hydrolysis | Antiaging (inhibiting tyroanase and gelatinase) and antioxidant | [25] |
| Codfish skin | Collagen polypeptides | Water, pepsin and alkaline protease | Moisturizer, antioxidant | [184] |
| Pacific cod skin | Gelatin and polypeptides | Hot water extraction, pepsin, and alkaline protease hydrolysis | Melanogenesis inhibition | [185] |
| Salmon skin | Gelatin hydrolysates | Enzymatic hydrolysis | Prevent collagen loss in photoaging skin caused by UV irradiation | [178] |
| Shrimp shell | Chitosan oligosaccharide | Enzymatic hydrolysis | Exhibit antiaging activity | [186] |
| Crab shell | Chitin nanofibrils, Oligochitosan-tetracycline and erythromycin | Acid hydrolysis | Prevents skin dryness, Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant (delivery system), Antibacterial (P.acne) | [187,188,189] |
| Oyster shell | Powdered oyster shell, organic shell extract | Fine grinding, Acid for decalcination, water extract | Utilize as emulsion stabilizer for cosmetic, Improving collagen content | [116,190] |
| Mussel and oyster shell | Shell extract | Acid aqueous extraction | Induced the synthesis of type i and iii collagens and sulfated gags | [115,191] |
| Pearl oyster shell | Water-soluble matric and fraction (SE4) of nacre, Nacre extract (pearl), | Water | Increase proliferation and collagen, Promoted the differentiation, Enhanced collagen synthesis in a rat skin | [109,110,111] |
| Outer and inner squid skins | Collagen hydrolysates | Enzymatic hydrolysis (alcalase) | Demonstrate great water-holding capacity | [192] |
| Squid pens | N-(2-hydroxyl) propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) | Glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMAC) synthesis | Indicate good moisture absorption and retention capacity | [193] |
| Squid ink | Squid ink polysaccharides | Enzymatic hydrolysis (papain) | Prevent oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblast | [194] |