TABLE 1.

Estrus synchronization protocols and results in swamp and riverine buffaloes using luteolytic and luteotropic agents or in combination with other hormones

Breed type	Hormone used	Observed estrus, %	Conception/pregnancy after AI, %	References
Swamp	PG single dose	43.33–79.10	33.21–41.68	Jiang et al., 2003; He et al., 2005; Liang et al., 2007
	PG single dose + CIDR	86.13–100	37.00–46.03	Jiang et al., 2003; Gabriel et al., 2019
	PG single dose + PMSG	73.01–84.5	43.48–45.6	Jiang et al., 2003
	PG single dose + GnRH or hCG	97.37–100	21.05–38.70	Atabay et al., 2020
	PG double dose 11–12 days apart	100	21.70–83.87	Chantaraprateep et al., 1981; Chirachaikitti et al., 1982; Chantaraprateep et al., 1983; Capitan et al., 1992; Yuan et al., 2008; Sianturi et al., 2012
	PG double dose 11–12 days apart + hCG	81.30–100	50.00–86.6	Situmorang & Siregar, 1997
	PRID	‐	47.0	Chantaraprateep et al., 1983.
	PRID + PMSG	6.30–45.60	47.16–50.00	Feng et al., 1990; Jiang et al., 2003
	CIDR	57.5–78.02	56.52	Cai et al., 2011
	CIDR + GnRH	75.0	55.00	Cai et al., 2011
	Norgestomet	36.0	30.77	Virakal et al., 1988
	Norgestomet + PMSG	45.5	39.13	Virakal et al., 1988
Riverine	PG single dose	75.0–100.0	41.5–80.0	Pant & Singh, 1991; Khattab et al., 1996; Ribeiro et al., 1998; Brito et al., 2002
	PG double dose 11–12 days apart	25.0–95.0	22.8–83.0	Chohan et al., 1993; Diaz et al., 1994; Singh & Dabas, 1998; Misra et al., 2003; Srivastava, 2005.
	Norgestomet + E2	60.0–100	30.0–70.0	Phadnis et al., 1994; Patel et al., 2003
	Norgestomet + eCG	86.0–97.6	44.6–66.7	Luthra et al., 1994; Malik et al., 2011
	Norgestomet + PG	100	45.0–66.7	Utage et al., 2010; Chaudhary et al., 2015

Abbreviations: CIDR, controlled internal drug release; E2, estradiol; eCG, equine chorionic gonadotropin; GnRH, gonadotropin releasing hormone; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; PG, prostaglandin; PMSG, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; PRID, progesterone releasing intravaginal device.