Table 1.
Incubation with watermelon extracellular vesicles alters the intestinal epithelial cell secretome
| Gene name | Protein name | Caco‐2 basal media proteins watermelon EV‐exposed versus control(fold‐change; n = 3; mean ± standard deviation) |
|---|---|---|
| S100A9 | Protein S100‐A9 | 12.96 ± 5.70 |
| SERPINC1 | Antithrombin‐III | 8.29 ± 1.03 |
| SLC26A3 | Solute carrier family 26 member 3 | 6.00 ± 1.26 |
| COL1A2 | Collagen type I alpha 2 chain | 4.71 ± 0.04 |
| ST7L | Suppression of tumorigenicity 7 like | 4.71 ± 0.04 |
| C3 | Complement component 3 | 1.39 ± 3.18 |
| F2 | Coagulation factor II, thrombin | 1.32 ± 2.13 |
| C4B_2 | Complement component 4B | 1.21 ± 3.03 |
| GC | GC, vitamin D binding protein | 1.19 ± 0.04 |
| VTN | Vitronectin | 1.08 ± 1.70 |
| ALB | Albumin | 1.03 ± 2.19 |
| AFP | Alpha fetoprotein | 1.01 ± 0.33 |
| COL6A1 | Collagen type VI alpha 1 chain | 1.00 ± 1.99 |
| VCL | Vinculin | –1.01 ± 4.73 |
| SERPINA7 | Serpin family A member 7 | –1.05 ± 2.22 |
| ITIH2 | Inter‐alpha‐trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 2 | –1.20 ± 2.57 |
| SERPINF1 | Serpin family F member 1 | –1.23 ± 1.40 |
| THBS1 | Thrombospondin 1 | –1.23 ± 1.86 |
| RBP4 | Retinol binding protein 4 | –1.27 ± 1.90 |
| CLEC3B | C‐type lectin domain family 3 member B | –1.28 ± 2.37 |
| HBA2 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha 2 | –1.33 ± 0.10 |
| FBLN1 | Fibulin 1 | –1.34 ± 0.04 |
| PLG | Plasminogen | –1.35 ± 2.67 |
| THBS4 | Thrombospondin 4 | –1.36 ± 1.46 |
| A2M | Alpha‐2‐macroglobulin | –1.40 ± 0.39 |
| PPIA | Peptidylprolyl isomerase A | –1.44 ± 0.17 |
| COL1A1 | Collagen type I alpha 1 chain | –1.46 ± 0.21 |
| AHSG | Alpha 2‐HS glycoprotein | –1.50 ± 0.08 |
| ACTB | Actin beta | –1.60 ± 0.34 |
| ITIH3 | Inter‐alpha‐trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3 | –1.70 ± 0.75 |
| GSN | Gelsolin | –1.73 ± 1.68 |
| LDHB | Lactate dehydrogenase B | –1.90 ± 0.84 |
| ITIH4 | Inter‐alpha‐trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 | –1.91 ± 0.53 |
| AMY1A | Amylase, alpha 1C (salivary) | –1.91 ± 2.05 |
| LTF | Lactotransferrin | –2.13 ± 1.06 |
| ITIH1 | Inter‐alpha‐trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 1 | –3.22 ± 1.76 |
| YWHAZ | 14‐3‐3ζ | –6.31 ± 0.13 |
| UTRN | Utrophin | –6.31 ± 0.13 |
| TUBA1A | Tubulin alpha 1a | –6.98 ± 0.67 |
| MMP2 | Matrix metallopeptidase 2 | –7.06 ± 0.80 |
Proteins from basal medium of Caco‐2 cells treated apically for 240 min with watermelon EVs or dye control were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Proteins detected in only one biological repeat were excluded. Data are presented as mean +/‐ standard deviation (n = 3). Forty proteins were identified in total; red shading indicated proteins that were significantly increased by >1.5 fold and gray indicated proteins that were decreased by >1.5 fold in basal media following exposure to watermelon EVs.