Table 1.
Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and risk profile of the study population.
| Controls | CKD Patients | p-Value 1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage 3 CKD (eGFR 30–59) |
Stage 4 CKD (eGFR 15–29) |
Stage 5 CKD (eGFR < 15) |
Total | |||
| N = 4 | n = 4 | n = 3 | n = 3 | N = 10 | ||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (mean ± SD) | 114 ± 16 | 52 ± 7 | 22 ± 5 | 8 ± 7 | 30 ± 20 | <0.0001 |
| Endothelial dysfunction markers/risk factors | ||||||
| sFlt-1, pg/mL (median, IQR) |
44 (35–108) |
101 (65–138) |
139 (60–152) |
188 (126–574) |
133 (72–161) |
0.0158 |
| sVCAM-1, ng/mL (median, IQR) |
623 (502–710) |
845 (794–1007) |
1028 (657–1899) |
1722 (1008–1924) |
1018 (801–1766) |
0.0411 |
| vWF, U/mL (mean ± SD) | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 0.56 ± 0.27 | 0.71 ± 0.33 | 0.95 ± 0.15 | 0.76 ± 0.28 | 0.0575 |
| Aldosterone, ng/dL (median, IQR) | 20 (7–44) | 8 (4–10) | 21 (5–49) | 19 (5–49) | 10 (5–28) | 0.2857 |
| Phosphate, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 3.1 ± 0.48 | 3.3 ± 0.99 | 4.0 ± 1.13 | 4.5 ± 0.51 | 3.9 ± 0.96 | 0.0760 |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 39 ± 5 | 72 ± 9 | 71 ± 4 | 60 ± 9 | 68 ± 9 | 0.0108 |
| Sex, female (%) | 33 | 50 | 67 | 33 | 50 | 0.7033 |
| Risk factor profile | ||||||
| Smokers (%) | 0 | 25 | 67 | 33 | 40 | 0.3589 |
| Hypertension (%) | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.0046 |
| Diabetes (%) | 0 | 25 | 67 | 33 | 40 | 0.3589 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 22 ± 1 | 26 ± 5 | 28 ± 6 | 24 ± 3 | 26 ± 4 | 0.1153 |
| Clinical measures | ||||||
| SBP, mmHg (median, IQR) |
120 (120–125) |
144 (136–150) |
150 (135–150) |
140 (130–150) |
145 (135–150) |
0.0451 |
| DBP, mmHg (median, IQR) |
80 (70–80) |
81 (76–96) |
80 (80–80) |
80 (80–85) |
80 (80–83) |
0.5573 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 6.8 ± 2.8 | 3.3 ± 2.9 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c, % (mean ± SD) | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 0.3641 |
| Cholesterol total, mg/dL (median, IQR) | 155 (134–178) |
193 (180–287) |
170 (115–198) |
153 (103–177) |
177 (144–198) |
0.1334 |
| Cholesterol HDL, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 45 ± 3 | 54 ± 23 | 48 ± 6 | 40 ± 6 | 48 ± 15 | 0.4853 |
| Cholesterol LDL, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 141 ± 33 | 129 ± 40 | 98 ± 67 | 75 ± 12 | 103 ± 46 | 0.1053 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 152 ± 8 | 201 ± 49 | 119 ± 6 | 194 ± 85 | 174 ± 62 | 0.0417 |
| Medication 2 | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor, yes (%) | - | 100 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0.0402 |
| AT1 blocker, yes (%) | - | 25 | 67 | 33 | 40 | 0.1146 |
| Statin, yes (%) | - | 25 | 33 | 33 | 30 | 0.9611 |
| Erythropoietin, yes (%) | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Heparin, yes (%) | - | 0 | 67 | 67 | 40 | 0.1084 |
1 Comparison among the three stages of CKD and controls. 2 Controls were excluded from the analysis regarding medication. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AT1, angiotensin receptor type 1; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NA, not applicable; SBP, systolic blood pressure; sFlt-1, soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; VCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; vWF, von Willebrand factor.