Table 1.

Distribution of arbutin (1) in the plant kingdom.

Species	Family	Common Name	Plant Part	Geographical Source	Reference
Aesculus californica Nutt.	Hippocastanaceae	California buckeye	Fruit endosperm	USA	[4]
Afgekia mahidolae B.L. Burtt & Chermsir.	Fabaceae	Kan Pai Mahidol	Leaves	Thailand	[5]
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle	Simaroubaceae	Varnish tree	Fruits	China	[6]
Ainsliaea bonatii Beauverd	Asteraceae	Chinese daisy	Leaves	China	[7]
Amaranthus spp.	Amaranthaceae	Amaranth	Leaves	Bangladesh	[8]
Amaranthus tricolor L.	Amaranthaceae	Amaranth	Leaves	Russia	[9]
Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.	Phyllanthaceae	Mao tree	Fruits and leaves	Thailand	[10]
Arbutus andrachne L.	Ericaceae	Greek strawberry tree	Leaves	Greece and Turkey	[11]
Arbutus pavarii Pamp.	Ericaceae	Libyan strawberry tree	Leaves	Libya	[12]
Arbutus unedo L.	Ericaceae	Strawberry tree	Leaves	Mediterranean region and western Europe	[1,13]
			Fruits		[14]
Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth.	Ericaceae	Point leaf manzanita	Leaves	Italy, Mexico and USA	[15]
Arctostaphylos spp.	Ericaceae	Bearberry	Leaves	Scotland and Scandinavia	[16,17]
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.	Ericaceae	Bearberry	Leaves	Bulgaria, Turkey	[18]
Arctous alpina (L.) Nied.	Ericaceae	Alpine bearberry	Leaves	Russia	[19]
Artemisia pallens Wall. Ex. DC.	Asteraceae	Damanaka	Leaves	India	[20]
Artocarpus lacucha L.	Moraceae	Monkey fruit	Leaves	South-east Asia	[21]
Astilbe rivularis L.	Saxifragaceae	False spirea	Leaves	Nepal and UK	[22]
Atriplex littoralis L.	Amaranthaceae	Grass leaf orache	Aerial parts	Serbia	[23]
Bacopa procumbens (Mill.) Greenm.	Plantaginaceae	Baby jump-up	Aerial parts	Tropical and subtropical areas of North and South America	[24]
Bellendena montana R. Br.	Proteaceae	Mountain rocket	Leaves	Tasmania	[25]
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.	Cucurbitaceae	Wax gourd	Fruits	China	[26]
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.	Saxifragaceae	Fringed elephant’s ears	Rhizome	Nepal	[27]
Bergenia cordifolia L.	Saxifragaceae	Heartleaf Bergenia	Leaves	Russia	[28]
Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch.	Saxifragaceae	Heart-leaved Bergenia	Aerial parts	Russia	[29]
			Leaves	Russia	[30]
			Leaves	Romania	[31]
Bergenia purpurascens (Hook. f. & Thomson) Engl.	Saxifragaceae	Purple Bergenia	Leaves	China	[32]
Bergenia spp.	Saxifragaceae	Elephant’s ears	Aerial parts	Afghanistan to China and the Himalayan region	[17,33,34,35]
Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. F. & Thoms.) Engl.	Saxifragaceae	Elephant’s ears	Aerial parts	The Himalayas	[36]
Betula pendula Roth.	Betulaceae	Silver birch	Leaves	Europe and Asia	[37]
Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica Hara	Betulaceae	Shirakamba	Leaves	China	[38]
Betula schmidtii Regel.	Betulaceae	Schmidt’s birch	Bark	China, Japan, Korea and Russia	[39]
Breynia officinalis Hemsl.	Phyllanthaceae	Chi R Yun	Leaves	China and Japan	[40]
Breynia rostrata Merr.	Phyllanthaceae	Hui Guo Hei Mian Shen	Aerial parts	China and Vietnam	[41]
Calluna spp.	Ericaceae	Heather	Leaves	Europe and Asia Minor	[17]
Calluna vulgaris L. Hull.	Ericaceae	Heather	Aerial parts	Asia Minor	[42]
			Leaves	Russia	[43]
Careya arborea Roxb.	Lecythidaceae	Slow match tree	Bark, leaves and seeds	India	[44]
Casearia multinervosa C.T.White & Sleumer	Salicaceae	Casearia	Stem	Australia	[45]
Cenarrhenes nitida R. Br.	Proteaceae	Port Arthur plum	Leaves	Tasmania	[25]
Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. urvillei	Asteraceae	Star thistle	Leaves	Turkey	[46]
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana	Cupressaceae	Lawson cypress	Galls	Iran	[47]
Clausena indica (Datz.) Oliver	Rutaceae	Indian wampi	Fruit pericarp	India and Sri Lanka	[48]
Coriandrum sativum L.	Apiaceae	Coriander	Aerial parts	Western Asia, Southern Europe and Russia	[49]
Cotoneaster simonsii Baker	Rosaceae	Himalayan cotoneaster	Aerial parts	The Himalayas	[50]
Cuscuta sinensis Lam.	Convolvulaceae	Chinese cuscuta	Semen	China, Japan and Korea	[51]
Dryopteris sublaeta Ching & Y. P. Hsu	Dryopteridaceae	Chinese male fern	Rhizome	China	[52]
Eriobotrya fragrans Champ. Ex. Benth.	Rosaceae	Xiang hua pi ba	Leaves	China and Vietnam	[53]
Eryngium bourgatii Gouan.	Apiaceae	Sea holly	Flowers and leaves	Spain	[54]
Eugenia hyemalis L. Cambess	Myrtaceae	Hyemalis	Aerial parts	Argentina, Bolivia and USA	[55]
Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer	Physalacriaceae	Velvet shank	Leaves	China	[56]
Fragaria spp.	Rosaceae	Strawberry	Roots	Europe, North America and China	[57]
Gentiana pyrenaica L.	Gentianaceae	Pyrenian gentian	Leaves	United Kingdom	[58]
Grevillea banksii R. Br.	Proteaceae	Dwarf silky oak	Leaves	Australia	[59]
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Ex R. Br.	Proteaceae	Silk oak	Leaves	Australia and India	[60]
			Bark and leaves		[61]
Hakea saligna L.	Proteaceae	Hakea	Leaves	Australia and India	[60]
Halocarpus biformis (Hook.) C.J. Quinn	Podocarpaceae	Yellow pine	Leaves	New Zealand	[62]
Heliciopsis lobata (Merr.) Sleumer	Proteaceae	Helicia	Leaves	China and Vietnam	[63]
Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall.	Cucurbitaceae	Herpetospermum	Leaves	China, India and Tibet	[64]
Homalium zeylanicum (Gardner) Benth.	Flacourtiaceae	Kalavaram	Leaves	India	[65]
Huperzia serrata	Lycopodiaceae	Toothed clubmoss	Whole plant	China, Japan, Korea, Russia and Tibet	[66]
Ilex brasiliensis (Spreng.) Loes.	Aquifoliaceae	Brazilian holly	Leaves	Brazil	[67]
Ilex integerrima Reiss.	Aquifoliaceae	Holly	Leaves	Brazil	[67]
Ilex latifolia Thunb.	Aquifoliaceae	Tarajo holly	Leaves	Japan	[68]
Ilex pseudobuxus Reiss.	Aquifoliaceae	Brazilian holly	Leaves	Brazil	[67]
Ilex theezans Mart.	Aquifoliaceae	Congonha	Leaves	Brazil	[67]
Jamesia americana Torr. & A. Gray	Hydrangeaceae	Cliffbush	Aerial parts	USA	[69]
Juglans regia L.	Juglandaceae	Walnuts	Nuts	The Balkans, the Himalayans and China	[70]
Larix leptolepis	Pinaceae	Japanese Larch	Needles	Japan	[71]
Lens culinaris Medik.	Fabaceae	Lentil	Seeds	India	[72]
Leucadendron spp.	Proteaceae	Conebushes	Leaves	South Africa	[73]
Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Benth.	Fabaceae	Wild tamarind	Leaves	USA	[74]
Madhuca latifolia (J. Konig) J.F. Macbr.	Sapotaceae	Mahua	Seeds	India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka	[75]
Magnifera indica L.	Anacardiaceae	Mango	Leaves	India	[76]
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.	Rosaceae	Crab apple	Leaves	United Kingdom & Russia	[77]
		Crab apple	Fruits	Russia	[78]
Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Mulberry	Leaves	China and India	[79]
Mutisia acuminata var. acuminata Ruiz & Pav.	Asteraceae	Bolivian Mutisia	Aerial parts	Peru and Bolivia	[80]
Mutisia acuminata var. hirsuta (Meyen) Cabrera	Asteraceae	Mutisia	Leaves	Peru	[81]
Myrsine seguinii H. Lev.	Myrsinaceae alt. Primulaceae	Myrsine	Leaves	China, Japan and New Zealand	[82]
Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw.	Myrothamnaceae	Resurrection plant	Leaves	South Africa	[83]
			Aerial parts	Germany	[84]
Onobrychis kachetica Boiss. & Buhse	Fabaceae	Espartzet Kakhetinski	Leaves	Trans-caucasus, and Russia	[85]
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.	Fabaceae	Sainfoin	Petals	Euro Siberian temperate region	[86]
Origanum dubium Boiss.	Lamiaceae	Rouvanos	Aerial parts	Cyprus	[87]
Origanum majorana L.	Lamiaceae	Sweet majoram	Leaves	Egypt	[88]
Origanum vulgare L.	Lamiaceae	Oregano or wild majoram	Aerial parts	Mediterranean region	[89]
Paederia scandens (Loir.) Merr.	Rubiaceae	Gandheli	Aerial parts	China and India	[90]
Paulownia fortune (Seem.) Hemsl.	Paulowniaceae	Dragon tree	Flowers	China	[91]
Persoonia gunnii Hook. f.	Proteaceae	Persoonia	Leaves	Tasmania	[25]
Petasites tricholobus Franch.	Asteraceae	Butterburs	Aerial parts	China, Nepal, Pakistan and Vietnam	[92]
Phellinus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng	Hymenochaetaceae	Meshimakobu	Aerial parts	China, Korea and Japan	[93]
Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusculum C.K. Schenid.	Rutaceae	Cork tree	Aerial parts	China	[94]
Phyllostachys heterocycla Mitf.	Poaceae	Mousouchiku or tortoise shell bamboo	Bamboo-sheath	Japan	[95]
Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell.	Scrophulariaceae	Xizang Huhuanglian	Roots	China, India and Tibet	[96]
Platycodon grandiflorum L.	Campanulaceae	Balloon flower	Leaves	China	[97]
Podospermum canum C. A. Mey	Asteraceae	Karakok	Aerial parts	Caucasia, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey	[98]
Prunophora salicina Linn.	Rosaceae	Chinese Plum	Fruit peels	China and Korea	[67]
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC	Fabaceae	Winged bean	Leaves	India	[99]
Pyrola calliantha Andres	Ericaceae	Wintergreen	Leaves	Eastern Himalaya to China	[100]
Pyrola incarnata Fisch.	Ericaceae	Lu Shou Cha	Leaves	China	[101]
Pyrus anatolica Browicz	Rosaceae	Turkish pear	Fruits, leaves and stem	Turkey	[102]
Pyrus biossieriana Buhse	Rosaceae	Wild pear	Leaves	Iran	[103]
Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder	Rosaceae	Ya pear	Leaves	China	[104]
Pyrus bourgaeana Decne.	Rosaceae	Iberian pear	Aerial parts	Iberian Peninsula and Morocco	[105]
Pyrus communis L.	Rosaceae	Pear or Rocha pear	Leaves	Central and eastern Europe and western Asia	[106,107]
			Aerial parts and seeds		[108]
			Flowers	Poland	[109]
Pyrus communis L. var. sativa (DC.)	Rosaceae	Pear	Twigs	China	[110]
Pyrus communis L. cv. Wujiuxiang	Rosaceae	Wujiuxiang pear	Fruit peels	China	[111]
Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall.	Rosaceae	Wild pear	Leaves	Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey	[112]
Pyrus pashia Buch ham ex D. Don	Rosaceae	Kainth	Fruits	The Himalayas	[113]
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd.	Rosaceae	European wild pear	Fruit peels	Western Europe to the Caucasus	[114,115]
Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai	Rosaceae	Niitaka or Asian pear	Fruits	Japan	[104,116]
			Fruits	Korea	[117]
		Asian pear	Fruit peels	China	[118]
Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Kousui Nakai	Rosaceae	Japanese pear	Branches, fruits, leaves and stem	Japan	[119]
Pyrus serotina Rehder. var. culta Rehdar.	Rosaceae	Japanese pear	Leaves	Japan	[120]
Pyrus spinosa	Rosaceae	Almond-leaved pear	Twigs	Siberia	[115]
Pyrus spp.	Rosaceae	Pear	Stem	Central and eastern Europe and western Asia	[121]
Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.	Rosaceae	Ussurian pear	Leaves	China	[104]
Rhodiola coccinea (Royle) Boriss.	Crassulaceae	Rhodiola	Aerial parts	Central Asia, south-western Siberia and central China	[122]
Rhodiola crenulata LLL	Crassulaceae	Arctic root	Aerial parts	China	[123]
Rhodiola rosea L.	Crassulaceae	Golden root	Aerial parts	China	[124]
Rhododendron adamsii Rehder	Ericaceae	Sagaan dali	Leaves	Russia	[125]
Rhododendron dauricum L.	Ericaceae	Dauria	Leaves	China, Mongolia and Russia	[125]
Rhododendron fauriei Franch. var. brachycarpum	Ericaceae	Japanese Rhododendron	Leaves	Japan, Korea and Russia	[125]
Rhododendron luteum Sweet	Ericaceae	Yellow azalea	Leaves	Poland and Russia	[125]
Rhododendron ponticum L.	Ericaceae	Common rhododendron	Leaves	Iberian Peninsula and Russia	[125]
Rosa roxburghii Tratt.	Rosaceae	Roxburgh rose	Leaves	China	[126]
Salix acmophylla Boiss.	Salicaceae	Brook willow	Aerial parts	Pakistan and central Asia	[127]
Salvia hispanica L.	Lamiaceae	Chia	Flowers and stem	Central America	[128]
Salvia mexicana var. Mexicana L.	Lamiaceae	Mexican sage	Aerial parts	Mexico	[129]
Sambucus nigra L.	Adoxaceae	Elderberry or black elder	Fruits	Serbia	[130]
Saxifraga stolonifera Curtis	Saxifragaceae	Creeping sailor	Leaves	China, Japan and Korea	[131]
Scrofella chinensis Maxim.	Plantaginaceae	Scrofella	Whole plant	China	[132]
Sedum purpureum L.	Crassulaceae	Purple spoon-leaved stonecrop	Leaves	United Kingdom	[133]
Sedum spp.	Crassulaceae	Stonecrops	Leaves	Northern hemisphere	[134]
Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring	Selaginellaceae	Selaginella	Aerial parts	China, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and Thailand	[135]
Serratula komaroviilljin L.	Asteraceae	Saw-wort	Leaves	Russia	[136]
Serratula quinquefolia M. Bieb. ex. Willd.	Asteraceae	Five-leaved saw-wort	Leaves	Poland	[137]
Serratula sogdiana (Bunge) L. Martins	Asteraceae	Plumeless saw-wort	Leaves	Eurasia	[138]
Sonneratia alba Sm.	Lythraceae	Perepat	Leaves	East Africa and south-east/far east Asia	[139]
Sorbaria arborea Schneid.	Rosaceae	False spirea	Stem	China	[140]
Stachys alopecuros (L.) Benth. Subsp. divulsa (Ten.) Grande	Lamiaceae	Yellow betony	Aerial parts	Italy	[141]
Stachys germanica L subsp. Salviifolia (Ten.) Gams.	Lamiaceae	Downy woundwort	Aerial parts	Italy and Germany	[142]
Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl.	Lamiaceae	Wood betony	Aerial parts	Iran	[143]
Teucrium chamaedrys L.	Lamiaceae	Wall germander	Leaves	Mediterranean region	[144]
Turnera diffusa Willd.	Passifloraceae	Damiana	Leaves and stem	Mexico and USA	[145]
Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.	Ericaceae	Caucasian whortleberry	Leaves	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Iran, Russia and Turkey	[146]
Vaccinium dunalianum Wight	Ericaceae	Chinese blueberry	Flower buds, fruits and leaves	Assam, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Tibet and Vietnam	[147]
Vaccinium myrtillus L.	Ericaceae	European blueberry	Leaves and fruits	Europe	[148]
			Leaves and stem	Europe	[149]
Vaccinium vacillans Torr.	Ericaceae	Blueberry	Leaves	Rhode Island	[150]
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.	Ericaceae	Cowberry	Leaves and berries	Alaska, Canada, Poland, Russia and Eurasia	[151,152]
			Aerial parts	China	[153]
Veronica austriaca L.	Plantaginaceae	Broadleaf speedwell	Leaves	Bulgaria	[154]
Veronica turrilliana Stoj. & Stef.	Plantaginaceae	Speedwell	Aerial parts	Bulgaria	[155]
Viburnum fordiae Hance	Viburnaceae	Bright red berry	Stem	China	[156]
Viburnum opulus L.	Viburnaceae	Guelder rose	Leaves	Europe, northern Africa and central Asia	[68,157]
Viburnum phlebotrichum Siebold & Zucc.	Viburnaceae	Japanese viburnum	Leaves	Japan	[68,158]
Viola arvensis L.	Violaceae	Field Pansy	Aerial parts	Russia	[159]
Wulfeniopsis amherstiana (Benth.) D.Y. Hong	Plantaginaceae	Himalyan Wulfenia	Leaves	The Himalayas	[160]
Xanthoxylum piperitum DC	Rutaceae	Sichuan pepper or Japanese pepper	Pericarp and seeds	Japan	[161]
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.	Rutaceae	Japanese pepper tree	Pericarps	China and Japan	[162]