Table 2.

Cytotoxicity of arbutin (1) against various cancer and tumor cell lines.

Type of Cancer/Tumour	Brief Description of Anticancer Activity of Arbutin (1)	In Vivo/In Vitro	References
Bladder cancer	Inhibition of TCCSUP (anaplastic transitional cell carcinoma in the neck of the urinary bladder) bladder cancer cell proliferation.	In vitro	[166]
Brain tumour	Activity against rat C6 glioma cells.	In vitro	[167,168]
Breast cancer	Cytotoxicity of arbutin containing methanolic extract against MDA-MB-231 and T-47D breast cancer cells.	In vitro	[145]
	Cytotoxicity towards the MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell line.	In vitro	[169]
	Cytotoxicity against adriamycin-resistant MCF-7 and wild-type MCF-7.	In vitro	[170]
Cervical cancer	Antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells.	In vitro	[168]
	Activity against human cervical carcinoma HPV-16 positive (SiHa) and HPV negative (C-33) cell lines.		[145]
Colon cancer	Assessed for cytotoxicity against HCT-15 cells derived from human colon carcinoma.	In vitro	[171]
Gastric cancer	Inhibition of gastric carcinoma MGC-803 cells invasion.	In vitro	[63]
Liver cancer	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities against diethylnitrosamine-induced liver carcinoma in rats.	In vivo	[172]
	Inhibition of DNA-reactive carcinogen acetylaminofluorene induction of initiation of rat liver carcinogenesis.	In vivo	[173]
	Anticarcinogenic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2).	In vitro	[169,174]
	Cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells.	In vitro	[175]
Skin cancer	Pro-apoptotic activity on B16 murine melanoma cells.	In vitro	[176]
	Action on the toxic trans-crotonaldehyde.	In vitro	[177]
Osteosarcoma	Suppression of osteosarcoma progression.	In vitro	[178]
Prostate cancer	Induction of apoptosis in human prostrate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP) cells.	In vitro	[179,180]
	Cytotoxicity against the prostate cancer cell line PC3.		[12]
Miscellaneous	Promotion of expression of miRNA-338-3p in suppressing cancer progression.	In vitro	[181]