Figure 13.

PEEK surface modification using layer-by-layer technique. Xue et al. showed (a) antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli and (b) in vivo histological analysis (scale bar: 100 µm) of LbL-modified PEEK surfaces. PEEK = untreated PEEK. PEEK/CaP-GS*n (n = 3, 6, 9) = PEEK layered with n layers of brushite containing antibiotic gentamicin sulfate. Control check = blank [154]. LbL-(brushite-gentamicin)-modified PEEK surfaces enhanced antibacterial and osseointegration properties. (*** The differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.001). All figures were reprinted with permission from the literature [154].