Table 9.

Cross-Sectional Studies of Plant-Based Diet Indices and Inflammatory Biomarkers.

Reference	Country	Population (n)	Sex	Age (Years)	Intervention (n)	Outcome(s)	Results	Significance
Baden et al. [64]	USA	Healthy (831)	F	45.0	Adherence to overall PDI, hPDI, uPDI	Adiponectin (ng/mL), Leptin (ng/mL), hsCRP (mg/L), IL-6 (pg/mL)	Per 10-point increase in: PDI: adiponectin +1.1%, leptin: −1.7%, hsCRP: −7.5%, IL-6: +5.5%; hPDI: adiponectin +3.0%, leptin −7.2%, hsCRP −13.6%, IL-6 −0.7%; uPDI: adiponectin −1.6%, leptin +4.4%, hsCRP +3.3%, IL-6 +1.1%	PDI: IL-6 (p = 0.05); hPDI: adiponectin (p = 0.025), leptin (p < 0.001), hsCRP (p = 0.001); uPDI: leptin (p = 0.037); ns (p > 0.05) differences for all other outcomes
Gonzalez-Ortiz et al. [61]	Sweden	Chronic kidney disease patients (418)	M	71.0	Adherence to PDI	CRP (mg/L), IL-6 (ng/L)	Per unit increase (β) in PDI: CRP: −0.02 (−0.04 to −0.002), IL-6: −0.17 (- 0.33 to −0.001)	CRP (p = 0.03) and IL-6 (p = 0.04)
Pourreza et al. [65]	Iran	Overweight or obese (390)	F	18 to 48	Adherence to PDI, hPDI, uPDI	hsCRP (mg/L)	Per unit increase (β) in PDI: −0.01 (−0.12 to 0.10); hPDI: −0.06 (−0.15 to 0.03); uPDI: 0.07 (−0.01 to 0.17)	ns (p > 0.05) differences for all outcomes

Abbreviations: CRP: C-reactive protein; F: female; hPDI: healthful plant-based diet index; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin 6; M: male; ns: non-significant; PDI: overall plant-based diet index; uPDI: unhealthful plant-based diet index. Regression β coefficients are presented with 95% confidence intervals. Age is reported as mean or range.