Figure 3.

Activation of innate and adaptive immune responses in response to an adenoviral (AdV) vector. Following inoculation with an AdV vector, activation of innate immunity leads to the expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Following antigen expression, processing, and presentation, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses develop. The resultant vector immunity will eliminate the vector, leading to a reduced duration of transgene expression. The development of vector-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and memory T cells provide long-term vector immunity and suppress subsequent inoculation with the same AdV vector. PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; TLRs, Toll-like receptors.