Table 3.

Electrospinning combined with other techniques.

Technologies	Drugs	Carrier	Release Mechanism	Highlights	Literature
Hybrid electrospinning + electrospray	FLU/RHB	PLGA	Drug diffusion mechanism Polymer degradation mechanism	The superhydrophobic layer can inhibit the release of FLU and RHB. After 720 h, FLU was released at a rate of about 16.5%, 25.9%, and 37.5%, and RHB was released at a rate of about 21.7%, 29.2%, and 34.6%, respectively, and the deposition times were 5, 10, and 15 min, respectively. It controls the rate of drug release by adjusting the thickness of the superhydrophobic coating.	[214]
Hydrothermal treatment co-precipitation + electrospinning	AMOX	LDH/DMSN/PCL	Diffusion mechanism	The drug release rate of complex membrane A was 87.81%. The drug release rate of complex membrane B was 94.65%.	[215]
Coaxial electrospinning + electrospray	AMPs/Curcumin	PLA/PVP/PEG	Diffusion mechanism	Shell-controlled-release AMPs reached about 70% within 24 h and more than 90% within 72 h for pre-treatment; in the middle and late stages of treatment, the sustained release of curcumin from the core layer can be extended to about 5 days.	[216]
Hybrid electrospinning + solvent steam annealing	SPL	PCL	Diffusion mechanism	Slower SPL release (more than 360 h) can be observed from annealed fibers and a decrease in the final percentage of SPL release (~50–60%).	[217]
Side-by-side electrospinning + electrodeposition	bFGF/NGF	PPy/PVDF	Ion exchange mechanism	Release curves of different growth factors (NGF and bFGF) showed electrically sensitive release behavior, which remained biologically active after release.	[218]
Solution extrusion 3D printing + coaxial electrospinning	Lidocaine/Estradiol/MTZ/CTGF	PCL/PLGA	Drug diffusion mechanism Polymer degradation mechanism	The duration of sustainable release of metronidazole, lidocaine, and estradiol was 4, 25, and 30 days, respectively.	[219]
Hybrid electrospinning + electrospray	CPGs/TRP2/Dox/hpDNA/fBSA	PVA/PEI/PVP/SF	Diffusion mechanism	fBSA and hpDNA were effectively released into the skin, and the cumulative release percentage of DNA was higher than that of BSA.	[220]
Electrospinning + electrospray	CPGs/TRP2/DNATrp2@ETHMC/DNATrp2	MC/PVP/HA	Diffusion mechanism	Cumulative transdermal drug release DNATrp2@ETHMC loaded patch within 36 h was 35.4%, significantly higher than the release of free DNATrp2.	[221]
Redox amination + electrospinning	IBU	SA/PVA	Mechanisms of polymer swelling and degradation Diffusion mechanism	Adjusts the drug release rate by adjusting the RAOA/PVA volume ratio. RAOA can effectively encapsulate hydrophobic ibuprofen, thereby slowing the spread rate of the drug.	[222]
Electrospinning + crosslinking post-processing	Dex	SA/PVA	Diffusion mechanism	The release of Dex from the nanofibers was controlled by the chemical potential gradient and expansion penetration. Coaxial nanofibers protected the drug molecule in the core and also supported its sustained release curve.	[223]
Blended electrospinning + casting	IBU	EC/PVP K60	Diffusion mechanism	The first stage exhibited a biphasic controlled release for the pulsating mode, and the residue was released in an extended manner in the second stage.	[224]