. 2022 Feb 15;66(21):2101019. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.202101019

Table 2.

Quantification of urolithins in tissues.*

Animals	Administration	Tissue distribution	Reference
Male SD rats (n = 12)	Uro‐A (25 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) 2 or 7 days.	Vastus lateralis muscle (ng g⁻¹)^a: 12 Uro‐A (2 days); 9 Uro‐A (7 days).	^[ ³⁷ ^]
Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 8)	Uro‐A i.p. (20 µg) 12 weeks.	Trace amounts of Uro‐A metabolites were detected in the adipose tissue.	^[ ³⁸ ^]
Male Wistar rats with streptozotocin‐induced type‐1 diabetes (n = 20)	Daily i.p. injection of Uro‐A or Uro‐B (2.5 mg kg⁻¹day⁻¹) 3 weeks.	Liver (nmol g⁻¹)^a: 9 Uro‐A; 58 Uro‐A‐sulfate; 100 Uro‐B; 220 Uro‐B sulfate. Pancreas (nmol g⁻¹)^a: 10 Uro‐A; 80 Uro‐B; 1 Uro‐A sulfate; 160 Uro‐B sulfate. Heart (nmol g⁻¹)^a: 400 Uro‐A; 15 Uro‐A sulfate; 500 Uro‐B; 225 Uro‐B sulfate.	^[ ³⁹ ^]
Wistar rats (males n = 16; females n = 16)	¹⁴C radiolabeled Uro‐A (1000 mg kg⁻¹ bw).	% of total radioactivity from the administered dose Liver: 0.009−0.018. Kidney: 0.005−0.021. Carcass: 0.180−0.896. GI tract: 87−121. Heart, lung, spleen, testes, prostate, pancreas, abdominal fat, brown fat, muscle adrenals, thymus, thyroid, bone marrow, brain, skin and bone <0.001%.	^[ ⁴⁰ ^]
Male SD rats (n = 14)	Uro‐A by oral gavage (26 mg kg⁻¹ bw). Two groups: LPS i.p (n = 7) vs no LPS.	LPS/NO LPS Stomach content (µmol)^a: 0.25/0.15 Uro‐A; 0.02/0.01 Uro‐A sulfate; 0.08/0.04 Uro‐A glur. Small intestine content (µmol)^a: 0.12/0.13 Uro‐A; 0.02/0.02 Uro‐A sulfate; 0.09/0.16 Uro‐A glur. Cecum content (µmol)^a: 0.1/0.5 Uro‐A; 0.01/0.01 Uro‐A sulfate and Uro‐A glur. Colon content (µmol)^a: 0.1/0.4 Uro‐A; 0.01/0.01 Uro‐A sulfate. Kidney (nmol g⁻¹)^a: 0.5/0.01 Uro‐A; 1/1 Uro‐A sulfate; 4/2.5 Uro‐A glur. Bladder (nmol g⁻¹)^a: 0.15/0.01 Uro‐A; 0.05/0.1 Uro‐A sulfate; 0.1/0.01 Uro‐A glur. Spleen (nmol g⁻¹)^a: 1.7/0.01 Uro‐A; 0.3/0.02 Uro‐A sulfate; 0.2/0.02 Uro‐A glur. Lung (nmol g⁻¹)^a: 1.4/0.1 Uro‐A; 1.2/0.2 Uro‐A sulfate; 1/0.4 Uro‐A glur. Liver (nmol g⁻¹)^a: 0.7/0.01 Uro‐A; 0.2/0.05 Uro‐A sulfate; 0.4/0.3 Uro‐A glur.	^[ ⁴¹ ^]
Male albino Wistar rats (n = 3)	Pomegranate juice (500 mg kg⁻¹ b.w.) per day for 10 days.	Brain (ng g⁻¹)^b: 1.68 Uro‐A.	^[ ⁴² ^]
Male albino Wistar rats (n = 6)	Pomegranate juice (500 mg kg⁻¹ b.w per day (i.g.)) 45 days.	Brain (ng g⁻¹)^b: 2.07 Uro‐A.	^[ ⁴³ ^]
Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 12)	10% w/w freeze‐dried black raspberries powder, 6 weeks.	Liver (nmol g⁻¹): 0.35 Uro‐A; 0.004 Uro‐C. Colon: 3.93 Uro‐A; 0.16 Uro‐C. Luminal content (nmol g⁻¹): 29.14 Uro‐A; 0.067 Uro‐B; 4.28 Uro‐C; 0.03 Uro‐D. Prostate (nmol g⁻¹):0.15 Uro‐A.	^[ ⁴⁴ ^]
Female SD rats (n = 28)	One capsule by gavage (2.2 mg RSV, 6.7 mg pomegranate, 6.7 mg olive, 6.7 mg cocoa, 2.2 mg orange, 2.2 mg lemon, and 2.2 mg grapeseed).	Mammary tissues (pmol g⁻¹)^a: Cmax: 6.7 Uro‐A glur; 6 Uro‐A sulfate.	^[ ⁴⁵ ^]
Humans
Breast cancer patients (n = 19)	Plant extract mixture (53.85 mg trans‐RSV, 161.5 mg pomegranate extract, 53.85 mg orange extract, 53.85 mg lemon extract, 161.5 mg olive extract, 161.5 mg cocoa extract and 53.85 mg grape seed extract) 3 capsules/day, 6 days.	Normal mammary tissue (pmol g⁻¹): 27.4 Uro‐A glur; 9.6 isoUro‐A glur; 5.4 Uro‐A sulfate; 14.4 Uro‐B glur; 1.3 Uro‐B sulfate. Malignant mammary tissue (pmol g⁻¹): 29.4 Uro‐A glur; 4.8 Uro‐A sulfate; 11.3 Uro‐B glur; 1.0 Uro‐B sulfate. Trace amounts of Uro‐A glur were detected in the adipose mammary tissue.	^[ ⁴⁶ ^]
Healthy elderly volunteers (n = 6)	2000 mg of Uro‐A delivered orally using softgels.	Skeletal muscle tissue (ng g⁻¹)^a: 0.9 Uro‐A (eight hours after oral dose).	^[ ³⁴ ^]

^*Primarily focused on the last five years. Check the reference ^[ ⁴ ^] for a systematic review up to 2017. ^aQuantitative mean values were estimated from graphics in the original paper; ^bQuantification after enzymatic hydrolysis; i.g., intragastric; i.p., intraperitoneal; RSV, resveratrol; SD: Sprague‐Dawley.