Table 1.

Summary of the application of black phosphorus in bone tissue engineering.

Target	Material Design	Main Results	Reference
Biomineralization	BPNs-GelMA	Promoted the expression of osteogenesis-related genes and accelerated bone repair.	[10]
	BPNs-OPF	Exhibited a controllable degradation rate and phosphate release capacity. Enhanced the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteogenic cells.	[73]
	PDA@BPNs-PLLA	Improved the stability of the BPN and promoted osteogenic differentiation.	[74]
	L-NH-BP-PLCL	Promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal.	[72]
	GO@BP-PPF	Promoted cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation.	[75]
Vascularized Osteogenesis	Deferoxamine/BP-GelMA	Promoted local expression of CD31 and positively affected a vascular repair.	[76]
	VEGF@BPNs-DNA hydrogel	Continuous release of VEGF. Accelerated vascular regeneration and bone regeneration.	[77]
	BP@Mg double-layer scaffold	Promoted early nerve regeneration and angiogenesis in the process of bone regeneration.	[78]
Photothermal Osteogenesis	BP/IBU@SA-PLLA	Significantly high photothermal conversion efficiency and photothermal-responsive intelligent drug release performance.	[79]
	SrCl2/BPNs-PLGA	Remarkable cell compatibility and degradation capability. Remarkably controlled release of strontium ions.	[18]
	BP@HA/SiO2-PLLA	The photothermal effect promoted the release of elements, thereby achieving accelerated osteogenesis.	[80]
Antibacterial	BPNs-GelMA	The hydrogel could be heated up to 55.3 ℃ and showed efficient antibacterial and antitumor effects.	[81]
	BPNs/HA coating	Remarkable photothermal conversion capability and good anti-biofilm properties.	[82]
	BP@Mg-GelMA	Remarkable antibacterial capability and induced innerved bone regeneration.	[83]
Antitumor	BPNs -BG scaffold	Remarkable photothermal antitumor activity and osteogenic induction ability.	[84]
	BP/doxorubicin hydrochloride/PDA coating	NIR/pH dual controlled antitumor drug release and high antibacterial activity.	[85]