TABLE 2.

Critical appraisal questions for the survey

Appraisal questions	Article
	Bobbio et al. (2012), Italy	Bobbio and Manganelli (2015), Italy	Ebrahimzade et al. (2015), Iran	Kaffashpoor and Sadeghian (2020), Iran	Laschinger et al. (2013), Canada	Laschinger et al. (2014), Canada	Laschinger and Fida (2014), Canada	Laschinger et al. (2015), Canada	Majeed and Fatima (2020), Pakistan	McKenna and Jeske (2021), Ireland	Munir et al. (2012), Denmark	Nelson et al. (2014), Canada	Pishgooie et al. (2018), Iran	Read and Laschinger (2015), Canada	Rodwell and Munro (2013), Australia	Sabbah et al. (2020), Lebanon	Trepanier et al. (2019), Canada
1. Did the study address a clearly focused question/issue?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
2. Is the research method (study design) appropriate for answering the research question?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
3. Is the method of selection of the subjects (employees, teams, divisions, organizations) clearly described?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
4. Could the way the sample was obtained introduce (selection) bias?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
5. Was the sample of subjects representative with regard to the population to which the findings will be referred?	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
6. Was the sample size based on pre‐study considerations of statistical power?	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
7. Was a satisfactory response rate achieved?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
8. Are the measurements (questionnaire) likely to be valid and reliable?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
9. Was the statistical significance assessed?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
10. Are confidence intervals given for the main results?	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
11. Could there be confounding factors that have not been accounted for?	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	No	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell	Cannot tell
12. Can the results be applied to our organization?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Criteria met in the appraisal of the quality	9	9	11	10	9	10	10	8	10	7	9	9	10	9	9	10	8