TABLE 4.
The statistically significant associations between leadership styles and work‐related well‐being
| Leadership style/reference | Measure of work‐related well‐being | Direct associations with work‐related well‐being | Mediating variable for indirect associations | Indirect associations to work‐related well‐being |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Destructive leadership styles | ||||
| Management‐by‐exception | ||||
| Sabbah et al. (2020) | Health Survey (SF‐12v2) | Mental health (r = −.13, P < .05) | ||
| Laissez‐faire | ||||
| Sabbah et al. (2020) | Health Survey (SF‐12v2) | Mental health (r = −.13, P < .05) | ||
| Ebrahimzade et al. (2015) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) | Reduced personal accomplishment (r = −.199, P = .004) | ||
| Pishgooie et al. (2018) | Health and Safety Executive Questionnaire (HSE) | Job stress (r = .23, P < .001) | ||
| Trepanier et al. (2019) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) | Burnout (.20, P < .01) |
Via need frustration – Autonomy NFA (.16, P < .05) To controlled motivation through NFA (.27, P < .01) |
Burnout (.68, P < .01) |
| Exploitative | ||||
| Majeed and Fatima (2020) |
Scale developed by Kessler et al. Scale developed by Sonnentag and Fritz |
Psychological distress (β = .18, P = .004) | Negative affectivity (β = .50, P < .001) | Psychological distress (β = .33, P < .001) |
| Tyrannical | ||||
| Trepanier et al. (2019) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) |
Via need frustration – Autonomy NFA (.26, P < .01) And need frustration – Competence NFC (.22, P < .01) To controlled motivation through NFA (.27, P < .01) and NFC (.60, P < .01) |
Burnout (.68, P < .01) | |
| Supportive leadership styles | ||||
| Supportive | ||||
| Rodwell and Munro (2013) | General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) | Psychological health (β = .18, P < .05) | ||
| Transactional | ||||
| Ebrahimzade et al. (2015) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) |
Total burnout (r = −.135, P = .04) Emotional exhaustion (r = −.165, P = .018) Depersonalization (r = −.204, P = .003) |
||
| Pishgooie et al. (2018) | Health and Safety Executive Questionnaire (HSE) | Job stress (r = −.44, P < .001) | ||
| Sabbah et al. (2020) | Health Survey (SF‐12v2) |
Physical health (r = .17, P < .001) Mental health (r = .24, P < .001) |
||
| Empowering | ||||
| Bobbio et al. (2012) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) |
Trust in leader (R 2 = .67) Trust in the organization (R 2 = .37) |
Emotional exhaustion (r = −.38, P < .01) Cynicism (r = −.30, P < .01) Reduced professional accomplishment (r = .04) |
|
| Resonant | ||||
| Laschinger et al. (2014) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) | Empowerment (β = .47, P < .05) | Emotional exhaustion (β = −.20, P < .05) | |
| Relationally focused leadership styles | ||||
| Transformational | ||||
| Ebrahimzade et al. (2015) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) |
Total burnout (r = −.150, P = .031) Emotional exhaustion (r = −.172, P = .013) Depersonalization (r = −.158, P = .023) |
||
| Pishgooie et al. (2018) | Health and Safety Executive Questionnaire (HSE) | Job stress (r = −.34, P < .001) | ||
| Sabbah et al. (2020) | Health Survey (SF‐12v2) |
Physical health (r = .15, P < .001) Mental health (r = .20, P < .001) |
||
| Munir et al. (2012) | 5‐item psychological well‐being scale | Work‐life conflict (β = −.29, F(6, 119) = 4.71, P < .05) | Psychological well‐being (β = .20, F(6, 117) = 1.74, P < .05) | |
| Authentic | ||||
| Laschinger et al. (2013) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI‐GS) | Cynicism β = −.101, P < .001 for experienced nurses and β = −.125, P < .001 for new graduates | Structural empowerment, experienced nurses (β = .411, P < .001) and new graduate nurses (β = .402, P < .001) |
Emotional exhaustion (β = −.129, P = .001) for experienced nurses and for new graduate nurses (β = −.066, P = .002) Cynicism (β = −.147, P = .001) for experienced nurses and for new graduate nurses (β = −.118, P = .001) |
| Nelson et al. (2014) | Psychological well‐being at work scale adapted from a scale by Masse et al. | Work climate (.58, P < .001, R 2 = .30) | Psychological well‐being at work (.23, P < .001, R 2 = .22) | |
| Laschinger and Fida (2014) |
Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI‐GS) Psychological Capital Questionnaire Mental Health Index (MHI‐5) |
Emotional exhaustion (β = −.23) | Mental health problems (β = −.10) | |
| Laschinger et al. (2015) |
Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI‐GS) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) |
Areas of worklife (β = .50, P < .01) with direct effect on occupational coping self‐efficacy (β = −.35, P < .01) and burnout (β = −.41, P < .01) |
Burnout (β = −.072, P < .01) Mental health (β = .050, P < .01) |
|
| Read and Laschinger (2015) | Mental Health Index (MHI‐5) | Relational social capital through structural empowerment (β = .35 P < .05) | Mental health symptoms (β = −.07 P < .05) | |
| Servant | ||||
| Bobbio and Manganelli (2015) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) |
Trust in leader R 2 = .63, P < .01 (sample 1, Veneto region) R 2 = .64, P < .01 (sample 2, Puglia region) |
Emotional exhaustion, R 2 = .07, P < .01 (sample 1, Veneto region), R 2 = .07, P < .01 (sample 2, Puglia region) cynicism, R 2 = .06, P < .01 (sample 1, Veneto region), R 2 = .05, P < .01 (sample 2, Puglia region) Professional efficacy, R 2 = .02, P < .01 (sample 1, Veneto region), R 2 = .02, P < .01 (sample 2, Puglia region) |
|
| Ethical | ||||
| McKenna and Jeske (2021) | Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI) | Emotional exhaustion (β = −.13, t = −2.27, P < .05) | Decision authority (β = .41, t = 3.71, P < .05) | Emotional exhaustion (β = −.10, t = .70, P = ns) |
| Kaffashpoor and Sadeghian (2020) | A four subjective well‐being item scale | Subjective wellbeing (β = .155, T‐value = 2.420) | Job satisfaction (β = .462, T‐value = 7.445) | Subjective wellbeing (β = .619, T‐value = 11.338) |