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. 2022 Dec 10;22(24):9671. doi: 10.3390/s22249671

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Outline of this work. $T_{i}$ and $ω$ are the measured time index and the angular frequency of measurement, respectively. The impedance $Z (ω, T_{i})$ from the LCR meter is time- and frequency-dependent. After curve fitting, the estimated R and C values ( ${\hat{R}}_{1} (T_{i}), {\hat{R}}_{2} (T_{i})$ , ${\hat{R}}_{4} (T_{i})$ , ${\hat{C}}_{3} (T_{i})$ , ${\hat{C}}_{5} (T_{i})$ ) were obtained as a function of time with the double-shell model. They were used to understand physiological changes in lettuce.