Table 5.
Histological data of dorsal wounds in adults male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) obtained on days 2, 7, or 12 after local application of treatments based on Achyrocline satureioides extracts and controls.
| Day 2 | Day 7 | Day 12 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NT | HG | HNE | HNEAS | NT | HG | HNE | HNEAS | NT | HG | HNE | HNEAS | |
| Inflammation (%) | 5(5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 4 (5) | 4 (5) |
| 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 80 | |
| Bleeding (%) | 5(5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 2 (5) | 3 (5) |
| 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 40 | 60 | |
| Edema (%) | 5(5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 2 (5) | 2 (5) |
| 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 40 | 40 | |
| Neoangiogenesis (%) | 4(5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 4 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 4 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) |
| 80 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
| Remodeled fibroblasts (%) | 5(5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) |
| 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
| Collagen deposition (%) | 5(5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) |
| 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
| Re-epitalization (%) | 0(0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 3 (0) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5 | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 60 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
| Hair follicle (%) | 0(0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 3 (5) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 60 | |
NT: no treatment; HG: hydrogel; HNE: hydrogel containing blank nanoemulsion; HNEAS: hydrogel conteining A. satureioides extract–loaded nanoemulsion. Qualitative histological analysis was performed on slides stained with Mallory’s trichrome, n = 5. Inflammatory process: infiltrate of leukocyte cells in the injured tissue (The infiltrate may show neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte cells in much larger amounts than would be expected in a normal dermis). Bleeding: red blood cells in the tissue parenchyma (outside the blood vessel), confirming the presence of tissue hemorrhage. Edema: empty space in the tissue, resulting from the extravasation of aqueous fluid from the vessels into the interstitial space, which distances the cells. Neoangiogenesis: Existence of capillaries at the site of injury, which shows that vascularization is back at the site. Remodeled fibroblast: reorganization of fibroblasts at the wound site, which becomes many, suggesting that healing is taking place or has already taken place. Collagen deposit: the existence of type I collagen deposit in the injured tissue (stained in blue with Mallory’s trichromatic staining). Re-epithelialization: the creation of a new lining epithelium covering the wound site. Hair follicle: the emergence of new hair follicles (hair) in the place where before there were only characteristics of injured tissue.