Table 1.

Urinary biomarkers for pyrethroids, chlorpyrifos, and glyphosate.

Biomarker	Metabolite	Parent Pesticide
3-PBA	3-phenoxybenzoic acid	generic metabolite of most pyrethroids, e.g., cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, etofenprox, tau-fluvalinate, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, (but not cyfluthrin or bifenthrin)
4-F-3PBA	4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid	cyfluthrin
cis-DCCA	cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid	cis-permethrin, cis-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin
trans-DCCA	trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid	trans-permethrin, trans-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin
cis-DBCA	cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid	deltamethrin
CFCA	3-(-2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2- dimethyl-cyclopropane-carboxylic acid	bifenthrin, λ-cyhalothrin and tefluthrin
TCPy	3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol	chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl
Gly	glyphosate	glyphosate
AMPA	aminomethylphosphonic acid	glyphosate, main environmental biodegradation product of glyphosate