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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 23.
Published in final edited form as: Continence (Amst). 2022 Oct 19;4:100517. doi: 10.1016/j.cont.2022.100517

Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Exclusion

  • Adult female (≥18 years old)

  • Clinically stable MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale ≤6.5)

  • Bladder symptoms ≥3 months

  • VD diagnosis, defined as having at least one of the following:
    • %PVR/BC >40%
    • Liverpool nomogram percentile <10%
    • Perform self-catheterization

  • Male

  • Severe debilitating MS

  • History of recent seizure (<1 year)

  • History of anatomical bladder outlet obstruction (e.g. strictures, urethral slings), bladder/bladder neck suspension operations, previous bladder reconstruction procedures (e.g. augmentation cystoplasty)

  • Pregnant or planning to become pregnant

  • Contraindication to MRI

  • Recent intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injection (<6 months)

  • Other neurological disorders beside MS