Fig. 5.

miRNA regulation under oxidative stress. ROS influence miRNA processes in the nucleus and cytoplasm and induce miRNA transcription by triggering transcription factors (TFs), such as c-Myc, p53, NF-κB, and HIF-1α. When TFs bind to the promoter, HDAC4 can suppress the TFs. ROS can regulate the expression of DGCR8, drosha, exportin 5 and dicer enzymes, thereby affecting miRNA biogenesis, translocation and maturation. Arrow and T arrow indicate activation and inhibition, respectively. miRNAs, microRNAs; ROS, reactive oxygen species; HDAC4, histone deacetylase 4; DGCR8, DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8; AGO, Argonaute; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex [124]. The schematic representation was adapted from Carbonell and Gomes [124].