Table 1.

Patient characteristics by the overall recovery trajectories.

Characteristics	Good recovery (N = 68)	Poor recovery (N = 12)	P
Age	65 (58, 71)	60 (54, 62)	0.08
Woman	18 (26%)	2 (17%)	0.7
Race			0.7
Black	4 (5.9%)	0 (0%)
White	61 (90%)	11 (92%)
Other	3 (4.4%)	1 (8.3%)
Diabetes	24 (35%)	2 (17%)	0.3
Hypertension	50 (74%)	6 (50%)	0.2
Liver disease	6 (8.8%)	0 (0%)	0.6
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.96 (0.84, 1.19)	0.97 (0.84, 1.08)	0.9
Cerebrovascular disease	9 (13%)	0 (0%)	0.3
Prior myocardial infarction	18 (26%)	5 (42%)	0.3
Heart failure	22 (32%)	3 (25%)	0.7
Ejection fraction (%)	60 (55, 63)	59 (43, 63)	0.5
Status			>0.9
Elective	47 (69%)	9 (75%)
Urgent	21 (31%)	3 (25%)
Re-do operation	6 (8.8%)	1 (8.3%)	>0.9
CABG	34 (50%)	6 (50%)	>0.9
Aortic surgery	4 (5.9%)	0 (0%)	>0.9
AVR	15 (22%)	3 (25%)	>0.9
MV surgery	23 (34%)	4 (34%)	>0.9
Robotic approach	15 (22%)	2 (17%)	>0.9
Postoperative length of stay (days)	5 (4, 6)	6.5 (4, 7.75)	0.06
Any complications	24 (35%)	9 (75%)	0.023
Surgical site infection	2 (2.9%)	1 (8.3%)	0.4
Reoperation for bleeding	0 (0%)	2 (17%)	0.021
Sepsis	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Stroke	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
TIA	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Prolonged ventilatory support	0 (0%)	2 (17%)	0.021
Pneumonia	0 (0%)	1 (8.3%)	0.15
VTE	0 (0%)	1 (8.3%)	0.15
Renal failure	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	>0.9
Readmission	4 (5.9%)	2 (17%)	0.2
30-day survival	68 (100%)	12 (100%)	>0.9

P values in bold indicate p < 0.05. For significance testing, chi-squared test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery, AVR surgical aortic valve replacement, MV mitral valve, TIA transient ischemic attack, VTE venous thromboembolism.