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. 2022 Dec 23;12:22236. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26141-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Factors of estimated unwanted variations (Ws) from RUV-III-NB correlated with known batch information: unwanted factor 1 (W1) correlated with log library size and log geometric mean, W2 correlated with storage conditions, W3 correlated with freeze–thaw cycles, and both W4 & W5 correlated with library preparation kits. (B) The top 100 microbial taxa most affected by each W colored by Class, ranked based on Veall-Zimmermann pseudo R-squared (mean listed under every W). Classes with less than two microbial taxa were merged as “others”. (C) The proportion of a sample’s total abundance affected by the top 100 microbial taxa for each W.