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. 2022 Dec 23;12:22273. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26915-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of TUDCA treatment upon RER, EE, and ambulatory activity. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (A), energy expenditure (EE) (B), and ambulatory activity (C) average during light (7 a.m. to 6:59 p.m.) and dark (7 p.m. to 6:59 a.m.) cycles. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6–8). Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey post-hoc-test. Letters shared in common between groups indicate no significant difference. Different letters (a, b, and c) indicate statistical difference between groups (P ≤ 0.05).