Table 3.

Health-related bioactive properties of extracted compounds from avocado seeds.

Region		Extraction method/solvent used	Compounds/component	Model	In vitro/In vivo	Target mechanism	Key findings	References
Anticancer activity
	Mexico	Lipidic extract	Avocatins, polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols and saturated long-chain fatty acids	Colon cancer cell line Caco-2	In vitro	(+) Caspases 8 (+) Caspases 9 (+) Cytokines IL-6 (+) IL-8 (+) IL-10(-) IL-1β	-	Lara-Marquez et al. (2020)
	USA	Methanol	Polyphenols	–	In vitro	(-) Cyclin D1(-) Cyclin E2 (+) Caspase 3 (+) PARP	Avocado seed extracts could be a functional source of anticancer compounds	Dabas et al. (2019)
	Saudi Arabia	Methanol/chloroform	Lipids	HepG2 and HCT11 cancer cell lines	In vitro	–	–	Alkhalaf et al. (2019)
	Vietnam	Ethanol	–	–	In vitro	–	–	Vo and Le (2019)
	Indonesia	Chloroform and methanol	–	–		(+) Apoptosis	–	Widiyastuti et al. (2018)
	Indonesia	Ethanol	Triterpenoid	–	In vitro	–	Avocado seed triterpenoids exhibit cytotoxic activity with low IC50 value	Abubakar et al. (2017)
	Colombia	Ethanol	–	–	In vitro	(+) Transcription factor p53 (+) Protease caspase-3 (+) AIF	Avocado seeds function as a pro-apoptotic component	Bonilla-Porras et al. (2014)
	Jakarta	Ethanol	Phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins	T-47D breast cancer cell line	In vitro	–	–	Kristanty et al. (2014)
	Germany	Methanol	Proanthocyanidins B1, Proanthocyanidins B2 and A-type trimer	–	–	–	–	Ramos-Jerz et al. (2013)
	Korea	Methanol	Polyphenols	–	In vitro	(+)Caspase 3 (+) PARP (+) apoptosis	–	Lee et al. (2008)
Antidiabetic activity
	Brazil	Ethanol	Phenolic compounds	–	In vitro	–	To stabilize peroxyl radicals (ROO.), superoxide anions (O2.) and hypochlorous reactive species.	Tremocoldi et al. (2018)
	Saudi Arabia		seed-supplemented diet	Anti-hyperglycemia and Anti-hypercholesteremia	In vitro	–	Avocado seeds extract Improved carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.	Uchenna et al. (2017)
	Nigeria	Hot water	–	–	In vivo	–	Seeds have anti-diabetic and protective effects on some rat tissues such as the pancreas, kidneys, and liver.	Ezejiofor et al. (2013)
Antioxidant activity
	Mexico	Acetone/ethanol	Lipophilic compounds	Antioxidant potntial	In vitro	(+) Phenolic compounds (+) DPPH inhibition (+) Reducing power	Avocado seeds have potential application as antioxidant additive.	Soledad et al. (2021)
	Spain	Methanol; Ethanol/water	Catechin epicatechin	Radical scavenging activity	In vivo	(-) oxidation	Avocado seed extracts are effective as a natural antioxidant	Segovia et al. (2018)
	Nigeria	Aqueous extracts	Phenolic compounds and alkaloids	–	In vivo	–		Oboh et al.(2015)
Anti-neurogenerative activity
	Nigeria	Aqueous extracts	Phenolic compounds and alkaloids		In vivo	(-) AChE(-) BChE	Avocado seed extracts may serve as a cheap therapeutic drug for preventing/treating AD.	Oboh et al. (2015)
Anti-inflammation activity
	USA	Methanol	Polyphenols	RAW264.7 cells	In vitro	(-) IL-6(-) TNF-α(-) IL-1β(-) NO	Avocado seeds exhibited anti-inflammatory compounds which could be as functional food ingredients.	Dabas et al. (2019)
	Saudi Arabia	Methanol/chloroform	Lipids		In vitro	–		Alkhalaf et al. (2019)
	Brajil	Ethanol	Phenolic compounds	RAW264.7 cells	In vitro	(-) TNFα (+) Nitric oxide		Tremocoldi et al. (2018)
	Indonesia	Infusion and methanol						Kristanti et al. (2017)
Antimicrobial activity
	Mexico	Acetone/ethanol	Lipophilic compounds	Staphylococcu aureus and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium	In vitro	(-) gram positive bacteria(-) gram negative bacteria	Maximum microbial reductions of 4 and 1.8 log cycles for Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium	Soledad et al. (2021)
	USA	Dichloromethane	Acetogenins		In vitro	(-) gram positive bacteria		Villarreal-Lara et al. (2019)
	Mexico	Heptane:Methanol and Heptane: ethanol:methanol:water	Acetogenins	Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679	In vitro	(-) C. sporogenes	Avocado seeds as a potential source of functional compounds with anti-inflammatory activity	Pacheco et al. (2017)
	Mexico	Heptane:Methanol and Heptane: ethanol:methanol:water	Acetogenin	Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 35152)	In vitro	(-) Listeria monocytogenes	An anti-listeral agent	Salinas-Salazar et al. (2017)

IL-6-Interleukin 6; IL-1β-interleukin-1β; No-Nitric oxide; TNF-α-tumor necrosis factor alpha.