FIGURE 3.

Mechanism of weight reduction by metformin: Metformin reduces blood glucose in addition to its activation of activated monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK), it also acts through the modulation of bacterial flora and increasing the release of glucagon‐like peptide. As well, metformin induces the expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in small intestine and kidney that activates glial‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α‐like (GFRAL) in the brain causing the reduction of appetite with subsequent weight reduction