Table 3.

Summary of Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool quality assessment—risk of bias of the included pre-post studies.

Pre-post study, year	Representativeness of the target population	Measurements appropriate for outcome and intervention	Complete outcome data	Confounders accounted for in the design and analysis	Intervention and exposure happened as intended	Risk of bias scorea
Butryn et al [79], 2016	0b	★c	★	0	★	Moderate to high
Sengupta et al [84], 2020	0	★	★	0	★	Moderate to high
Joseph et al [56], 2021	0	★	★	0	★	Moderate to high

^aOverall risk of bias scores were assessed by 2 independent reviewers and classified into low risk and moderate to high risk. Low risk of bias: ≥4 stars; moderate to high risk of bias: ≤3 stars.

^bFailed to meet the criterion.

^cMet the criterion.