Table 6.

Characteristics of the included mobile physical activity (PA) interventions, coded behavior change techniques (BCTs), and outcomes measured (N=9).

Author, year	Mobile PA technology	Control group (if applicable)	Duration	BCTs	Theoretical contribution	Outcomes measured
Cadmus-Bertram et al [78], 2016	Fitbit-based PA intervention	Basic step-counting pedometer+printed materials	16 weeks	Intervention group: 1.1 Goal setting (behavior) 1.4 Action planning 1.5 Review behavior goals 2.2 Feedback on behavior 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior 2.6 Biofeedback Control group: 1.1 Goal setting (behavior) 1.2 Problem solving 1.4 Action planning 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior	The CALO-REa framework, known as a comprehensive and standardized protocol for the identification, reporting, and appraisal of behavior change interventions for health behaviors, including PA [86]	MVPAb (minutes per week) and increased steps per day using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometerc Height and weight measured using standard procedures and BMIc
Valle et al [81], 2017	Self-weighing and activity tracker mobile intervention	Waiting list	6 months	2.6 Biofeedback 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior 1.2 Problem solving 2.2 Feedback on behavior 2.4 Self-monitoring of outcome of behavior 1.6 Discrepancy between behavior and goal 3.1 Social support (unspecified) 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior 5.1 Information about health consequences 7.1 Prompts and cues 8.3 Habit formation 12.5 Adding objects to the environment	SRTd, a set of psychological subfunctions that must be mobilized for self-directed change [87]	Weight change, measured using BMI and waist circumferencec Energy expenditure (kcal per week), measured using the PAQe,c
Lynch et al [83], 2019	Wearable activity monitor and app (Garmin)	Waiting list	12 weeks	2.6 Biofeedback 1.1 Goal setting (behavior) 1.2 Problem solving 1.5 Review behavior goals 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior 2.2 Feedback on behavior 3.1 Social support (unspecified) 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior 5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences 7.1 Prompts and cues	None	MVPA (minutes per week) using ActiGraph GT3X+f Sedentary time, measured using an activPALf Sleep disturbance, measured by actigraphy and self-reported PSQIg,f
Kashfi et al [76], 2021	WhatsApp-based mobile intervention	No intervention	1 month	1.1 Goal setting (behavior) 1.2 Problem solving 1.4 Action planning 3.1 Social support (unspecified) 5.1 Information about health consequences 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior 6.1 Demonstration of the behavior 7.1 Prompts and cues	None	QoLh measured using self-reported MENQOLi,f
Butryn et al [79], 2016	Fitbit-based, blended PA intervention	Baseline	6 months	1.1 Goal setting (behavior) 1.2 Problem solving 1.6 Discrepancy between behavior and goal 2.2 Feedback on behavior 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior 2.5 Monitoring of outcome of behavior without feedback 2.6 Biofeedback 3.1 Social support (unspecified) 6.2 Social comparison 9.1 Credible source	None	MVPA (minutes per week), measured using ActiGraph GT3X+j Sedentary timej Weight loss, measured using a standardized scalej
Sengupta et al [84], 2020	Smartwatch and smartphone app (HerBeat)	Baseline	12 weeks	1.1 Goal setting 1.4 Action planning 1.6 Discrepancy between behavior and goal 2.1 Monitoring of behavior by others without feedback 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior 2.6 Biofeedback 5.3 Information about health consequences 7.1 Prompts and cues 10.4 Social reward	None	Change in PA using IPAQ-SFk,l Exercise and dietary self-efficacy using the Exercise Condensed Surveyl Weight circumference and BMIj Depressive symptoms, measured using the PHQ-9m,j Perceived stressl
Joseph et al [56], 2021	Smart walk app and Fitbit	Baseline	4 months	1.1 Goal setting (behavior) 1.2 Problem solving 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior 2.6 Biofeedback 3.1 Social support (unspecified) 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior 5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences 6.1 Demonstration of the behavior	SCTn, proposes that people are driven not by inner forces but by external factors [88]	MVPA (minutes per week) using the 2-item Exercise Vital Sign Questionnairej Weekly estimated energy expenditurej Changes in SCT mediators measured using self-reported questionnairesj, with unexpected decrease in self-efficacy for PA
Nguyen et al [80], 2017	WATso and paired apps: Fitbit One, Jawbone UP24, Garmin, Vivofit 2, Garmin Vivosmart, Garmin Vivoactive, and Polar A300	N/Ap	4 weeks	2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior 2.6 Biofeedback 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior 7.1 Prompts and cues	None	Preferences and experience of WATs to promote PA behavior change among postmenopausal women (generated themes)
Kim et al [85], 2020	Mobile-based living laboratory intervention Fitbit and mobile app	N/A	24 weeks	1.1 Goal setting (behavior) 1.2 Problem solving 1.5 Review behavior goals 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior 2.6 Biofeedback 3.1 Social support (unspecified) 3.3 Social support (emotional) 5.1 Information about health consequences 6.1 Demonstration of the behavior 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior 7.1 Prompts and cues 10.4 Social reward 15.1 Verbal persuasion about capability	SCT [88]	Involvement of middle-aged, migrant women in the development of a culturally appropriate, mobile intervention to promote PA Validity testing of the developed app based on content, interface design, and technology criteria using a 23-item self-reported smartphone app evaluation tool for health care

^aCALO-RE: Coventry, Aberdeen, and London-Refined.

^bMVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity.

^cNo statistically significant difference between the groups (no evidence).

^dSRT: self-regulation theory.

^ePAQ: Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire.

^fStatistically significant difference between the groups (significant evidence).

^gPSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

^hQoL: quality of life.

ⁱMENQOL: Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire.

^jStatistically significant difference from baseline (some supporting evidence).

^kIPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form.

^lNo statistically significant difference from baseline (no evidence).

^mPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

ⁿSCT: Social Cognitive Theory.

^oWAT: wearable activity tracker.

^pN/A: not applicable.