Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the study population*
| No.† | Overall (n = 3588) | Non NAFLD (n = 2105) | NAFLD (n = 1483) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 48.0 (46.4–49.7) | 46.1 (44.3–47.9) | 51.4 (49.7–53.0) | < 0.01 | |
| Age strata | < 0.01 | ||||
| 20–39 | 1112 | 36.6 (32.6–40.6) | 42.7 (38.0–47.4) | 26.1 (21.9–30.5) | |
| 40–59 | 1140 | 34.6 (31.2–38.0) | 31.4 (27.7–35.1) | 40.3 (34.4–46.2) | |
| ≥ 60 | 1336 | 28.8 (24.5–33.0) | 25.9 (21.6–30.3) | 33.7 (27.6–39.7) | |
| Female | 1839 | 51.6 (49.0–54.2) | 55.8 (53.1–58.5) | 44.4 (39.6–49.2) | < 0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity | < 0.01 | ||||
| NH White | 1284 | 64.3 (59.0–69.6) | 63.7 (57.9–69.5) | 65.3 (59.4–71.2) | |
| NH Black | 798 | 10.3 (6.9–13.7) | 12.0 (8.3–15.6) | 7.3 (4.4–10.3) | |
| Hispanic | 839 | 15.5 (11.5–19.6) | 14.0 (10.3–17.7) | 18.2 (13.1–23.3) | |
| NH Asian | 481 | 5.2 (3.5–6.9) | 5.5 (3.5–7.5) | 4.7 (2.9–6.5) | |
| Other | 186 | 4.7 (3.4–6.1) | 4.8 (3.2–6.5) | 4.5 (2.4–6.5) | |
| Poverty ratio | 0.26 | ||||
| < 1.3 | 852 | 18.8 (17.1–20.5) | 19.4 (17.6–21.3) | 17.6 (14.9–20.3) | |
| 1.3–3.5 | 1301 | 35.5 (31.3–39.7) | 34.1 (29.7–38.6) | 37.9 (32.1–43.7) | |
| > 3.5 | 1028 | 45.7 (41.1–50.3) | 46.4 (41.7–51.2) | 44.5 (38.2–50.9) | |
| Education levels | < 0.01 | ||||
| High school or less | 1461 | 36.5 (32.5–40.5) | 34.3 (29.3–39.3) | 40.3 (35.7–45.0) | |
| Some college or associates degree | 1203 | 30.9 (27.7–34.2) | 29.4 (25.3–33.5) | 33.6 (30.1–37.1) | |
| College graduate or above | 919 | 32.5 (26.7–38.4) | 36.3 (30.0–42.6) | 26.1 (19.9–32.2) | |
| Marital status | < 0.01 | ||||
| Coupled | 2163 | 63.5 (60.2–66.9) | 59.5 (55.0–64.1) | 70.5 (66.4–74.7) | |
| Single or separated | 1423 | 36.5 (33.1–39.8) | 40.5 (35.9–45.0) | 29.5 (25.3–33.6) | |
| LE8 scores (out of 100 possible points) | |||||
| LE8 score | / | 67.9 (66.6–69.2) | 72.0 (70.4–73.5) | 60.8 (59.5–62.1) | < 0.01 |
| HEI-2015 diet score | / | 38.3 (35.1–41.5) | 39.9 (36.1–43.7) | 35.5 (32.2–38.8) | 0.02 |
| Physical activity score | / | 77.5 (75.6–79.4) | 79.5 (76.7–82.3) | 74.0 (70.3–77.7) | 0.04 |
| Nicotine exposure score | / | 75.3 (72.8–77.8) | 75.0 (71.9–78.0) | 75.8 (73.4–78.3) | 0.51 |
| Sleep health score | / | 87.0 (85.7–88.3) | 87.2 (85.5–88.9) | 86.6 (84.8–88.4) | 0.64 |
| Body mass index score | / | 56.6 (53.2–60.0) | 69.1 (66.0–72.1) | 34.8 (30.7–39.0) | < 0.01 |
| Blood lipids score | / | 67.0 (64.3–69.7) | 71.5 (68.8–74.3) | 59.0 (55.8–62.3) | < 0.01 |
| Blood glucose score | / | 74.7 (73.5–76.0) | 80.6 (79.2–82.1) | 64.5 (62.0–67.0) | < 0.01 |
| Blood pressure score | / | 66.9 (64.9–68.8) | 73.0 (70.8–75.2) | 56.1 (52.6–59.6) | < 0.01 |
| Cardiovascular health‡ | < 0.01 | ||||
| Low | 424 | 9.1 (7.5–10.6) | 5.1 (3.6–6.5) | 16.1 (13.5–18.7) | |
| Moderate | 2506 | 69.2 (66.0–72.3) | 64.3 (60.1–68.4) | 77.7 (75.3–80.1) | |
| High | 658 | 21.7 (18.3–25.2) | 30.7 (26.2–35.2) | 6.2 (3.7–8.8) |
NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, LE8 life’s essential 8, HEI healthy eating index, CVH cardiovascular health
*Data were presented as weighted percentages or means (95% confidence intervals)
†Numbers of each stratum may not add up to the total population due to missing data
‡Low CVH was defined as a LE8 score of 0 to 49, moderate CVH of 50–79, and high CVH of 80–100